Does everyone want a challenging job? In spite of all the attention focused by the media, academicians, and social scientists on human potential and the needs of individuals, there is no evidence to support that the vast majority of workers want challenging jobs. Some individuals prefer highly complex and challenging jobs; others develop in simple, routine work.
The individual-difference variable（变量）that seems to gain the greatest support for explaining who prefers a challenging job and who doesn’t is the strength of an individual’s needs for personal growth and self-direction at work. Individuals with these higher-order growth needs are more responsive for challenging work. What percentage of ordinary workers actually desire higher-order need satisfactions and will respond positively to challenging jobs? No current data is available, but a study from the 1970s estimated the figure at about 15%. Even after adjusting for changing work attitudes and the growth in white-collar jobs, it seems unlikely that the number today exceeds 40%.
The strongest voice advocating challenging jobs has not been workers—it’s been professors, social science researchers, and media people. Professors, researchers, and journalists undoubtedly made their career choices, to some degree, because they wanted jobs that gave them autonomy, recognition and challenge. That, of course, is their choice. But for them, to force their needs onto the workforce in general is presumptuous (冒失的).
Not every employee is looking for a challenging job. Many workers meet their higher-order need off the job. There are 168 hours in every individual’s week. Work rarely consumes more than 30% of this time. That leaves considerable opportunities, even for individuals with strong growth needs, to find higher-order need satisfaction outside the workplace. So don’t feel you have a responsibility to create challenging jobs for all your employees. For many people, work is something that will never excite or challenge them. And they don’t expect to find their growth opportunities at work. Work is merely something they have to do to pay their bills. They can find challenges outside of work on the golf course, fishing, at their local pub, with their friends in social clubs, with their family, and the like.
1.What makes people choose challenging jobs?
A. Positive responses. B. Work attitudes.
C. Higher-order growth needs. D. Personal self-direction.
2.Who is the least likely to prefer a challenging job?
A. College professors. B. Construction workers.
C. Social researchers. D. Media journalists.
3.The passage is intended for _______.
A. job-hunters B. researchers
C. employers D. graduates
4.Which is the best title for the passage?
A. Not Everyone Wants a Challenging Job
B. Complex Jobs Offer Growth Opportunities
C. Employers Should Create Challenging Jobs
D. Challenging Jobs Give a Sense of Recognition
Whether we should allow marine (海洋的) parks to stay open has been widely debated in our community recently. A variety of different arguments have been put forward about it.
Smith, a sociologist, argued that dolphin parks provide the only opportunity for much of the public to see marine mammals. As this argument goes, most Australians live in cities and never get to see these animals. Marine parks allow the average Australian to appreciate our marine wildlife. However, in fact, there are many places where they can be seen in the wild. Moreover, these places do not charge an overpriced entry fee — they are free.
Dr. Alison Lane, the director of the Cairns Marine Science Institute, insists that we need marine parks for scientific research. She argues that much of our knowledge of marine mammals comes from studies which were undertaken at marine parks. The knowledge which is obtained at marine parks can be useful for planning for the preservation of marine mammal species. However, Jones, a zoologist, explains that park research is only useful for understanding captive animals and is not useful for learning about animals in the wild. Their diets are different, they have significantly lower life lengths and they are more likely to have a disease. In addition, marine mammals in dolphin parks are trained and this means that their patterns of social behavior are changed.
The Marine Park Owners Association holds that marine parks attract a lot of foreign tourists. This position goes on to state that these tourists spend a lot of money, increasing our foreign exchange earnings and assisting our national balance of payments. However, foreign tourists would still come to Australia if the parks were closed down. Indeed, surveys of overseas tourists show that they come here for a variety of other reasons and not to visit places like Seaworld. Tourists come here to see our native wildlife in its natural environment and not to see it in cages and concrete pools. They can see animals in those conditions in their own countries.
In a word, perhaps an agreement cannot be reached now. However, a question does deserve our consideration: If we continue with our past crimes against these creatures, how will our future generations view us?
1.Who support(s) the idea of closing marine parks?
A. Most Australians. B. Jones.
C. Smith. D. Alison Lane.
2.Which is NOT the reason to keep marine parks?
A. For entertainment purpose.
B. For scientific research purpose.
C. For economic purpose.
D. For political purpose.
3.The author tries to persuade readers to accept his argument mainly by________.
A. pointing out the problems with keeping the marine parks
B. using evidence he has collected at the marine parks
C. discussing the advantages of animals' natural homes
D. questioning the way the animals are studied
完型填空（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上涂黑。
There are many people who could be Olympic champions. It's easy to be great because great people will help you. I’d five million people could have me in the pole vault (撑杆跳) the years I won it, at five million. Men who were stronger and faster than I was could have done it, but they never a pole, never made the to pick their legs off the ground to try to get over the bar.
Greatness is all us. It’s easy to be great because great people will help you. What is fantastic about all the conventions I go to is the greatest in the business will come and share their ideas, their methods and their with everyone else. I have seen the greatest men open up and show young people exactly how they did it. They don’t .
I’ll never forget the time I was to break Dutch Warmer Dam’s record. I was about a foot his record, so I called him on the phone. I said, "Dutch, can you me? I seem to have leveled off. I can’t get any higher."
He said, “ , Bob, come to visit me and I’ll give you all I got.” I three days with the master, the greatest pole vaulter in the world. For three days, Dutch gave me that he’d seen. To make a long short, I went up eight inches. That great guy gave me the best that he had. I’ve found that sports champions and heroes do this just to help you become great, too.
Great people will share and will tell you their . Look for them, call them on the phone or buy their books. Go they are, get around them, and talk to them. It is to be great when you get around great people.
1.A. conclude B. estimate C. calculate D. appoint
2.A. beaten B. won C. struck D. competed
3.A. most B. first C. least D. length
4.A. turned up B. gathered up C. fixed up D. picked up
5.A. decision B. achievement C. effort D. demand
6.A. around B. above C. beyond D. between
7.A. where B. why C. that D. when
8.A. techniques B. equipment C. competence D. assessments
9.A. put back B. give back C. take back D. hold back
10.A. developing B. trying C. competing D. claiming
11.A. near B. behind C. above D. below
12.A. recognize B. follow C. help D. convey
13.A. Sure B. Right C. Certain D. Great
14.A. exchanged B. instructed C. performed D. spent
15.A. something B. everything C. anything D. nothing
16.A. event B. story C. adjustment D. statement
17.A. willingly B. intentionally C. deliberately D. religiously
18.A. ambitions B. commitments C. treasures D. secrets
19.A. how B. what C. where D. when
20.A. easy B. convenient C. hard D. comfortable
—Was ______ Bill, ______ played basketball very well, ______ helped the blind man cross the road?
—Yes, of course. He is always ready to help others.
A. it; who; thatB. this; who; that
C. which; that; thatD. it; that; who
______ in making for 4As in the academic proficiency test, which most classmates had not expected, made her parents very upset.
A. Niuniu was defeated
B. Niuniu being defeated
C. Niuniu’s been defeated
D. Niuniu’s being defeated
______ everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting.
A. Now thatB. Even though
C. As ifD. As long as
