Unlike chemists and physicists, who usually do their experiments using machines, biologists and medical researchers have to use living things like rats. But there are three Nobel prize-winning scientists who actually chose to experiment on themselves – all in the name of science, reported The Telegraph.
1. Werner Forssmann (Nobel prize winner in 1956)
Forssmann was a German scientist. He studied how to put a pipe inside the heart to measure the pressure inside and decide whether a patient needs surgery.
Experiments had been done on horses before, so he wanted to try with human patients. But it was not permitted because the experiment was considered too dangerous.
Not giving up, Forssmann decided to experiment on himself. He anaesthetized (麻醉) his own arm and made a cut, putting the pipe 30 centimeters into his vein (静脉). He then climbed two floors to the X-ray room before pushing the pipe all the way into his heart.
2. Barry Marshall (Nobel prize winner in 2005)
Most doctors in the mid-20th century believed that gastritis was down to stress, spicy food or an unusually large amount of stomach acid. But in 1979 an Australian scientist named Robin Warren found that the disease might be related to a bacteria (细菌) called Helicobacter pylori.
So he teamed up with his colleague, Barry Marshall, to continue the study. When their request to experiment on patients was denied, Marshall bravely drank some of the bacteria. Five days later, he lost his appetite and soon was vomiting each morning – he indeed had gastritis.
3. Ralph Steinman (Nobel prize winner in 2011)
This Canadian scientist discovered a new type of immune system cell called the dendritic cell. He believed that it had the ability to fight against cancer.
Steinman knew he couldn’t yet use his method to treat patients. So in 2007, when doctors told him that he had cancer and that it was unlikely for him to live longer than a year, he saw an opportunity.
With the help of his colleagues, he gave himself three different vaccines based on his research and a total of eight experimental therapies (疗法). Even though Steinman eventually died from his cancer, he lived four and a half years, much longer than doctors had said he would.
1.The passage is mainly about _________.
A. some dangerous experiments that Nobel prize winners did on themselves
B. difficulties that scientists went through in order to make important discoveries
C. the reasons why some scientists chose to experiment on themselves
D. three Nobel prize winners who did experiments on themselves
2.Which of the following is TRUE according to the article?
A. Forssmann’s experiment ended in failure.
B. Forssmann managed to do his experiment on different kinds of animals.
C. Barry Marshall succeeded by drinking some Helicobacter pylori.
D. Barry Marshall’s experiment on himself confirmed that most doctors’ belief about gastritis was correct.
3.From the text, we can conclude that Ralph Steinman _________.
A. discovered a new type of cancer cell called the dendritic cell
B. tried different therapies containing the dendritic cell on himself
C. knew that he himself would have cancer and die from it
D. believed that he was better than doctors at treating cancer
When you put down your pens at the end of the college entrance exam, 12 hard years of study will have come to an end. Forget your studies for a while. It’s time to enjoy yourselves!
There are many ways to celebrate this special month of graduation. You can have photos taken with your classmates and teachers, or dine out together and exchange gifts.
High school students in Western countries such as the United States and Canada usually have a prom to mark their graduation. It’s to mark the time kids turn into young men and women. After the prom, teenagers either go to college or find a job. It means they are no longer as dependent on their parents as they were before.
At the prom, boys usually dress in dinner jackets and bow ties, though many different types of formal clothes are worn. Traditionally, girls give boys matching boutonnieres (a small collection of flowers they pin to their jackets). Girls traditionally wear formal dresses, or dress to shock or be noticed, in shiny or brightly colored materials.
Common prom activities include dining, dancing, the crowning (加冠) of a prom king and queen, and just talking to friends. In some cases, high school students collect funds for their class prom through the four years of their high school.
High schools in or near large cities may rent ballrooms at expensive hotels or, to be unusual, on a pleasure cruise boat.
But often costs are cut by simply using the school gym. Students make a lot of effort to decorate the gym to make the event special. The music played at the prom will be the most popular kinds, like rock and hip-hop.
The students elect the Prom Queen. She is partnered with a Prom King who is elected similarly. These are great honors that the pair take very seriously. The two dance with each other to celebrate their election.
Sometimes teachers and parents also go to the prom. But others like to go with friends, to whom they are soon going to be saying goodbye.
If you like the idea of a prom, why don’t you and your classmates organize one for your graduation?
1.Which of the following indicates that prom is very important to students?
A. They take pictures at the prom.
B. They wear formal clothes or special clothes.
C. Music is played at the prom.
D. Teachers and parents attend it.
2.Which of the following is an economical way to hold the prom?
A. Renting a ballroom.
B. Taking a cruise boat.
C. Holding it in the school gym.
D. Wearing formal dresses.
3.Why do some students attend the prom with their friends?
A. They will part with their friends in a short time.
B. They don’t like to be accompanied by their parents.
C. They don’t want to depend on their parents.
D. They want to be elected by their friends as the Prom King or Queen.
4.What is the writer’s purpose to write this passage?
A. To tell an interesting experience of high school students.
B. To tell how the western students spend the last days of high school.
C. To introduce several ways of western students’ killing time.
D. To tell how western high school students usually celebrate graduation.
The Calgary Public Library has some great resources to beat boredom and keep your children busy over the summer, whether at home or on the road．
During the school year children are busy with homework and required reading, so summer is a great time for them to relax and read what they choose. Not only is reading a pleasurable way to pass the time, it will also help children keep their skills up over the summer, so they are prepared to go back to school in the fall．
If you are taking a trip this summer, why not let the kids help out with the planning? Borrow a children’s atlas (地图集) to choose your way together and check out some books about your destination before departure. The All about Provinces and Territories series is full of interesting facts about each Canadian province．
Going camping? How about taking along some scary stories to tell around the campfire? Alvin Schwarz’s collections of Scary Tales to Tell in the Dark are sure to make your spine tingle and your teeth chatter. For something a little less horrible, try Velcome: a Very Scary Book, by Kevin O’Malley, which includes such horrors as a plate of mixed vegetables!
Remember to lead by example and pack a book in your own beach bag. If children see you reading, they will understand that books are an important and valuable part of summer and they will begin to copy your habits!
The staff at the Calgary Public Library are always happy to help find that perfect summer read, so stop by your nearest branch, call us at 260-2600, or visit our website at calgarypubliclibrary. com today．
1.What can we infer from the second paragraph of the passage?
A. Summer is the only time for children to relax themselves．
B. Children have little time to read what they choose at school．
C. Children usually get bored of reading during the school year.
D. Required reading prepares children to go back to school in the fall．
2.If you want your children to have a good knowledge of Canada before a trip, you had better refer to _________.
A. All about Provinces and Territories
B. Scary Tales to Tell in the Dark
C. Velcome: a Very Scary Book
D. A Children’s Atlas
3.What’s the probable meaning of the underlined part “to make your spine tingle and your teeth chatter” in Paragraph 4?
A. To interest you and impress you.
B. To excite you and frighten you.
C. To embarrass you and annoy you.
D. To discourage you and disgust you.
4.You should take a book with you to _________.
A. save your own time
B. enjoy your summer holiday
C. set a good example to your children
D. follow your children’s good habits
Finally, I entered the university. Because of my careful savings, I did not have to work during the school year. Then, summer came and it was time to work harder than ever. I continued working as a waitress at night, instructed tennis camps several mornings a week and worked as a secretary for a few hours in the afternoons. I even decided to take a class at a community (社区) college. This class at the community college saved me $650. It was an extremely tiring summer and made me anxious to return to my relatively easy life at the university.
During my second and third years of undergraduate schooling, I decided to work about five hours per week in the campus (校园) admissions office answering phones. This provided a little spending money and kept me from drawing my savings out. I wanted to go to Israel to study for 3 weeks, but I hesitated in making this decision because it would cost me $1,600 more to get the credits in Israel. About two weeks later my Mom called to tell me that I had $1,600 in the bank that I had forgotten about! One of my concerns about this trip was not only the cost, but the loss of time to make money; however, I made as much that summer in the ten weeks when I was at home as I had made during the fourteen weeks when I was at home the summer before. The way everything worked together to make this trip possible was one of the most exciting things that have ever happened to me.
This experience has shaped me in many important ways. The first thing that I learned was the importance of a strong work ethic (伦理). Working long hours did a lot to develop my character and helped me learn the value of a dollar. It also made me learn how to search for creative ways to settle difficult situations.
1.Where did the writer probably work part-time before attending the university?
A. In a restaurant.
B. In the tennis camps.
C. In a company.
D. In the admissions office.
2.The writer took a class at a community college mainly because _________.
A. she wanted to save money
B. life there was relatively easy
C. summer time was tiring
D. it was required by the university
3.The writer’s major concern about the trip to Israel was that _________.
A. her mother would not agree
B. she would fail to get credits in Israel
C. a well-paid summer job would be lost
D. $1,600 couldn’t be drawn out in time
4.The passage is mainly about how the writer _________.
A. made money on the college campus
B. managed to make full use of her vacation
C. was forced to support herself by her mother
D. was shaped by working part-time through college
假定你是李华。校学生会正在举办“魅力中学生”评选报名活动，旨在给学生提供展示风采的舞台，为大家树立学习的榜样。下面的海报吸引了正在你校访问的美国学生Catherine的关注。请向她介绍此次活动，并阐述你心目中“魅力中学生”的标准。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
3．首句已给出，不计人总词数。
The poster is about a selection registration named Charming Students.
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改．
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（^），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词。
2．只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
In order to promote participation in outdoor exercise, our school had organized an activity to climb the West Mountain on April 10. The moment we arrived at the foot of a mountain, we set out for the top in high spirit. We supported each other to pass the rocky areas on the course of the climb. Laughing and cheering, we eventually reached the summit, there we were greeted by the bright sunshine and fresh air. Viewing from the top, the city was extremely beautiful This event was very benefit, for not only we take a break from our heavy school workload, but we also learned what to cooperate. Therefore, we strongly suggest that similar events are held every year!
