Question

Definitions of literature have varied over time. In fact, it is a “culturally relative definition”. Once in Western Europe, literature indicated all books and writing. During the Romantic period, it began to refer to “imaginative” literature. Nowadays literature is seen as a term used to describe written or spoken material, including all the following.

Poetry uses rhythmic qualities of language to bring out meanings in addition to, or in place of, unimaginative surface meaning. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose(散文) by its being set inverse (颠倒); prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines.

Novel is typically written in a narrative (叙事) style and presented as a book. Novels tell stories, in which the characters and events are usually imaginary. The novel has been a part of human culture for over a thousand years, although its origins are somewhat debated. Regardless of how it began, the novel has remained one of the most popular and treasured examples of human culture and writing. It remains an essential part of the literary cultures of nearly all societies around the world.

Novella is classified as “Too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story”. There is no precise definition in terms of word or page count. Literary prizes and publishing houses often have their own arbitrary limits, which vary according to their particular intentions.

A short story is different from novels or novellas in that the plot is usually tied to one single chain of events. Because the reader must identify with a character quickly to become engaged, the tale is often told from the chief character’s point of view.

A drama refers to a play for the theatre, television or radio. It generally consists of chiefly dialogue between characters. It also uses dance to convey their message. Dramas usually aim at dramatic performance rather than at reading. In theater, a drama is presented by actors to an audience.

Good literary works depend on literary techniques. A literary technique can be used by authors in order to improve the written framework of a piece of literature, and produce specific effects.

Literary techniques include a wide range of approaches to crafting a work. The ability to let readers know what might happen in the future in an indirect way is possible through the technique foreshadowing. The practice of representing objects and qualities as human beings in literature is personification. Symbolism is the use of symbols to represent ideas.

Literature
Definitions of literature	Definitions of literature have kept changing all the time.
They are connected with 1.__________.
Among them are “books and2.__________”, “ ‘imaginative’ literature” and “written or spoken material”.
Categories of literature	Poetry, with rhyme, uses unusual word order in lines, which may be a barrier to see what it3.__________.
A novel takes the form of a book, talking about what is 4.________ up by the writer.
The novella, as for length, exists between a 5.________ and a short story.
6.___________ from novels and novellas, a short story tells a comparatively simple story.
Dramas are 7._________ rather than read, with the ideas expressed either orally or physically.
Literary 8._______	A warning or sign of a future event is given by using the technique called foreshadowing.
When personification is used, something 9._________ life is treated as if it were a human being.
Symbolism is the practice of representing ideas by means of10._________.

Answer

1.culture

2.writing

3.means

4.made

5.novel

6.Different

7.performed

8.techniques

9.without

10.symbols

【解析】

试题分析:文本讲述了什么是文学以及文学的创作手法

1.culture；根据第一段第二句话：In fact, it is a “culturally relative definition”.可知文学的定义与文化有关，故填culture

2.writing；根据第一段第三句话：Once in Western Europe, literature indicated all books and writing.可知文学包括书和所有的著作，故填writing

3.means；根据第二段第一句：Poetry uses rhythmic qualities of language to bring out meanings in addition to, or in place of, unimaginative surface meaning.可知诗歌运用韵律和不寻常的单词作为意象表达作者的意思和感情，所以意象可能对于读者来说是一个阻碍，如果读者对此不是很了解，故填means

4.made；根据第三段：Novels tell stories, in which the characters and events are usually imaginary.可知小说是作者编的。be made up by…由……编造而成，故填made

5.novel；根据第四段：Novella is classified as “Too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story”.可知中篇小说的长度处在小说和短故事之间。故填novel

6.Different；根据第五段：A short story is different from novels or novellas in that the plot is usually tied to one single chain of events.可知短篇故事不同于小说和中篇小说，它讲述的是相对简单的故事。故填Different

7.performed；根据第六段：A drama refers to a play for the theatre, television or radio.可知戏剧是用来表演的。故填performed

8.techniques；根据题目中的：A warning or sign of a future event is given by using the technique called foreshadowing.可知作者接下来在写文学创作手法。故填techniques

9.without；根据最后一段的倒数第二句话：The practice of representing objects and qualities as human beings in literature is personification.可知拟人的写作手法是将无生命的东西赋予有生命的事物来创作，故填without

10.

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