Question

It’s not just great minds that think alike. Dozens of the genes involved in the vocal learning that underpins human speech are also active in some songbirds(黄莺). And knowing this suggests that birds could become a standard model for investigating the genetics of speech production and speech disorders.

Complex language is a uniquely human trait, but vocal learning — the ability to pick up new sounds by imitating others — is not. Some mammals, including whales, dolphins and elephants, share our ability to learn new vocalizations(发声). So do three groups of birds: the songbirds, parrots and hummingbirds.

The similarities between vocal learning in humans and birds are not just superficial. We know, for instance, that songbirds have specialised vocal learning brain circuits that are similar to those that mediate(传达) human speech.

What’s more, a decade ago we learned that FOXP2, a gene known to be involved in human language, is also active in “area X” of the songbird brain — one of the brain regions involved in those specialised vocal learning circuits.

Andreas Pfenning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his colleagues have now built on these discoveries. They compared maps of genetic activity in brain tissue taken from the zebra finch, budgerigar and Anna’s hummingbird, representing the three groups of vocal-learning birds.

They then compared these genetic maps with others taken from birds and primates that can’t learn new vocalisations, and with maps taken from the brains of six people who donated tissue to the Allen Brain Institute in Seattle.

Their results showed that FOXP2 is just one of 55 genes that show a similar pattern of activity in the brains of humans and the vocal-learning birds. Those same genes show different patterns of activity in the brains of animals incapable of vocal learning.

“The similarities are beyond one or a handful of genes,” says Pfenning. “There are just systematic molecular similarities between song-learning birds and humans.”

“There’s potential for songbirds to be used to study neurodegeneration(神经元退变) — especially conditions like Huntington’s,” says Pfenning. Huntington’s disease affects the ability to produce complex motor behaviour, such as singing and talking, so experiments with birds might implicate particular genes in the disease.

Constance Scharff at the Free University of Berlin in Germany, who helped identify the importance of FOXP2 for vocal learning in birds agrees that songbirds can make great models for human speech and its pathologies(病理学). “My lab’s research during the past 10 years has shown that FOXP2 is as relevant for birds’ song learning as it is for human speech learning,” she says.

1.Which of the following is WRONG according to the passage?

A. The songbirds, parrots and hummingbirds imitate humans.

B. FOXP2 is active in one of the brain regions of the songbird brain.

C. Songbirds have the same vocal learning brain circuits as human.

D. FOXP2 is a gene that is known to be involved in human language.

2.The underlined word “underpin” in the first paragraph probably means _______.

A. increase  B. support

C. prevent  D. decrease

3.What can we infer from the passage?

A. FOXP2 was involved in human language about 12 years ago.

B. Six people donated brain tissue to the Allen Brain Institute in Seattle.

C. Experiments with songbirds are likely to help cure Huntington’s disease.

D. Constance Scharff discovered at the Free University of Berlin.

4.What is the passage mainly about?

A. Birds have different genes from humans.

B. Humans and birds share the same singing genes.

C. How FOXP2 affects the brains of humans and birds.

D. Experiments with birds can cure the disease of humans.

Answer

1.C

2.B

3.C

4.B

【解析】

试题分析：本文是一篇说明文。只要介绍鸟类和人类的声音的基因是相同的。黄莺有着特别的发声学习大脑系统，这与传达人类的声音是相似的。语言是人类所特有的，而声音的学习却不是。许多动物都能通过模仿其他动物来学习新的声音。

1.C细节理解题。根据第三段We know, for instance, that songbirds have specialised vocal learning brain circuits that are similar to those that mediate human speech.可知黄莺有着特别的发声学习大脑系统，这与传达人类的声音是相似的。故选C。

2.B词义猜测题。根据第一段And knowing this suggests that birds could become a standard model for investigating the genetics of speech production and speech disorders.可知许多关于发声学习的基因支持着人类的发声。故选B。

3.3】C细节理解题。根据倒数第二段so experiments with birds might implicate particular

genes in the disease.

4.4】B文章大意题。根据最后一段“My lab’s research during the past 10 years has shown that FOXP2 is as relevant for birds’ song learning as it is for human speech learning,” she says.可知人类和鸟类有着同样的声音基因。故选B。

考点：考查科技类阅读