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“I invented a new word. How do I get it ...

I invented a new word. How do I get it into the dictionary?

This is, by far, the question lexicographers(词典编纂者)hear the most. People invent new words all the time, but which ones actually make it into the dictionary? When lexicographers decide what words to add to dictionaries, they try to imagine what words users actually want to look up. There are important factors to keep in mind here.

1Is the word in widespread usage?

The usage question is an important one that gets at the heart of how dictionaries are written. When modem lexicographers try to add words to dictionaries, they tend to approach their work from the angle of descriptivism that is, they observe how the language is being used, see if it, s a common phenomenon, and then write definitions based on their research.

2Does the word have staying power?

Widespread usage does not, however, guarantee a word a shiny new definition in a dictionary. Is the word going to stay around for a while, or is it just a passing fad? Is it likely to be in use in 5, 10, 20, or even 100 years? These are important questions to ask because there are far more updates and new words to be added to dictionaries than lexicographers have time to write.

3Are you famous? Do you have influence?

If you’re famous, that could definitely up your chances of getting a word into a dictionary. Are you a writer? That could help. Take, for example, William Shakespeare, who invented (or at least popularized) hundreds of words and phrases commonly used today. Politicians also make their contributions. Abraham Lincoln invented the word neologize, and Winston Churchill has the first citation(引语)in the OED for many words, including fluffily and fly-in. So if youre a person with influence and a following, the words you use can spread into common usage, which, as discussed above, is very important when it comes to gaining dictionary-entry.

4Does the word fill a gap in the language?

If youre not famous, there are other ways. Maybe youre a scientist introducing new concepts to the public. Take, for example, the Higgs Boson particle(粒子), named after physicist Peter W. Higgs. But you dont have to be a scientist to get your word a dictionary entry. Just look at Dominique Ansel, the pastry chef (糕点师) who captured the stomachs of New Yorkers with his dessert, the cronat. His invention even inspired copycats in the form of doissants and daffins.

Apart from these, it does sometimes help if the word is fun to say. The term blog is relatively new, which arose in 1999 when Peter Merholz made a light-hearted comment on the sidebar of his weblog telling his readers I’ve decided to pronounce the word weblog’ as wee’-blog. Or ‘blog’ for short. And there’s also Dr. Seuss, who invented the term nerd.

So, why do some words make it into dictionaries while others don’t? With the knowledge discussed above in hand, the answer is more than obvious. Go forth! Use language creatively! Lexicographers are listening!

Title: How does a word gain 1.into the dictionary?

Reasons

Details

Examples

Being used 2.

With the approach of descriptivism, modem lexicographers will observe how commonly a word is used and 3.it according to their research.

 

Having staying power

The 4. a word remains in use, the more likely it is to be put into the dictionary.

 

Being invented by famous people

Chances of dictionary entry also 5. if the new word is invented by people of importance and influence.

hundreds of words and phrases invented by literary figures and 6..

7.a gap in the language

If a word introduces new scientific concepts, or 8. new inventions, it will probably get into the dictionary.

the Higgs Boson particle; cromit, doissants, duffins

the Higgs Boson particle; cromit, doissants,duffins

Being fun to say

Some words make it into dictionaries because they carry a 9.of fun when you use them.

10.nerd

 

 

1.entry 2.widely 3.define 4.longer 5.increase 6.politicians 7.Filling 8.names 9.sense 10.blog 【解析】 1.1】根据第二段的关键句People invent new words all the time, but which ones actually make it into the dictionary中的make into判断填entry。 2.2】根据文中1)的题目Is the word in widespread usage?中的widespread判断填widely。 3.3】根据文章中1)部分的they observe how the language is being used, see if it, s a common phenomenon, and then write definitions based on their research中definitions判断填define。 4.4】根据文章中2)部分的Is the word going to stay around for a while, or is it just a passing fad? Is it likely to be in use in 5, 10, 20, or even 100 years? These are important questions to ask判断填longer。 5.5】根据文章3)部分的So if you’re a person with influence and a following, the words you use can spread into common usage, which, as discussed above, is very important when it comes to gaining dictionary-entry判断填increase。 6.6】根据文章3)中的Take, for example, William Shakespeare, who invented (or at least popularized) hundreds of words and phrases commonly used today. Politicians also make their contributions判断填policians。 7.7】根据文章4)的题目Does the word fill a gap in the language?判断填Filling。 8.8】根据文章4)中的Maybe you’re a scientist introducing new concepts to the public. Take, for example, the Higgs Boson particle(粒子), named after physicist Peter W可知填names。 9.9】根据文章倒数第二段的Apart from these, it does sometimes help if the word is fun to say可知填sense。 10.10】根据文章最后一段的Or ‘blog’ for short.” And there’s also Dr. Seuss, who invented the term nerd判断填blog。
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Is gun play good or bad for children? For many years I emphasized its harmlessness. When concerned parents expressed doubt about letting their children have toy guns, because they didn’t want to encourage them in the slightest degree to become criminals, I would explain how little connection there was. In the course of growing up, children have a natural tendency to bring their aggressiveness more and more under control if their parents encourage this. One- to two-year-olds, when they are angry with another child, may bite the child’s arm without hesitation. But by 3 or 4 they have already learned that aggression is not right. However, they may pretend to shoot their mother or father, but smiling to assure them that the gun and the aggressive behaviour aren’t to be taken seriously.

In the 6- to 12-year-old period, children will play an earnest game of war, but it has lots of rules. There may be arguments, but real fights are relatively rare. At this age children don’t shoot at their mother or father, even in fun. It’s not that the parents have turned stricter; the children’s own conscience has. In adolescence aggressive feelings become much stronger, but well brought-up children can turn them into athletics and other competition or into kidding their friends.

In other words, I’d explain that playing at war is a natural step in the disciplining of the aggression of young children; that a cautious parent doesn’t really need to worry about producing a criminal.

But nowadays I’d give parents much more encouragement to guide their child away from violence. A number of incidents have convinced me of the importance of this.

One of the first things that made me change my mind, several years ago, was an observation that an experienced nursery school teacher told me about. Her children were hitting each other much more than previously, without reason. When she talked to them, they would protest, But that’s what the Three Stooges do. (This was a children’s TV program full of violence which immediately became very popular.)

What further shocked me into reconsidering my view was the assassination(暗杀)of the former President, and the fact that some schoolchildren cheered about this. (I didnt so much blame the children as I blamed the kind of parents who will say about a President they dislike, Id shoot him if I got the chance!”)

These incidents made me think of other evidences that Americans often tolerate lawlessness and violence. We were hard on the Indians and the later waves of immigrants. At times we denied justice to groups with different religions or political views. And now a great percentage of our adult as well as our child population has been endlessly fascinated with dramas of Western violence and with cruel crime stories, in movies and on television. This doesn’t necessarily mean that we Americans on the average have more aggressiveness inside us than the people of other nations. I think rather that the aggressiveness we have is less controlled, from childhood on.

To me it seems very clear that in order to have a more stable and civilized national life we must bring up the next generation of Americans with a greater respect for law and for other people’s rights than in the past. There are many ways in which we could and should teach these attitudes. One simple opportunity we could seize in the first half of childhood is to show our disapproval of lawlessness and violence in television programs and in children’s gun play.

I also believe that the survival of the world now depends on a much greater awareness of the need to avoid war and to actively seek peaceful agreements. There are enough nuclear arms to completely destroy all civilization. This terrifying situation demands a much greater stability and self-control on the part of national leaders and citizens than they have ever shown in the past. We owe it to our children to prepare them deliberately for this awesome responsibility.

1.The underlined word this in Paragraph 1 refers to______.

A. controlling their aggressiveness

B. playing with toy guns

C. aggressive behavior

D. the course of growing up

2.Based on the authors view about the relationship between children’s aggressiveness and their age, which of the following is true?

A. A 2-year old boy knows that it is not correct to behave aggressively.

B. The older children become, the less aggressive they will be.

C. 6- to 12-year-olds enjoy war games but develop them into argument and serious fights.

D. Adolescents’ aggressiveness is often displayed in the form of competition.

3.What conclusion does the author intend to draw from the story told by the nursery school teacher?

A. Watching violence can lower a child’s standard of behaviour.

B. Violent TV programs should be banned in nursery schools.

C. Children are generally lawless or violent nowadays. I

D. It is acceptable to let children have toy guns

4.What does Paragraph 7 mainly talk about?

A. Examples showing that Americans are more aggressive than other nations.

B. Evidences proving that America has a long history of lawlessness and violence.

C. The idea that children are less able to put their aggressiveness under control.

D. More reasons why the author changed his view on the main issue of the article.

5.What is a must if people intend to enjoy stability and civilized national life?

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B. To make people aware that there are already enough nuclear arms.

C. To elect national leaders with greater stability and self-control.

D. To bring up children who show more respect for the law and others’ rights.

6.Which of the following serves best as the title of the article?

A. How Does Age Influence Aggressiveness?

B. Are American Children Becoming More Aggressive?

C. Should Children Play With Guns?

D. What Should Parents Teach Their Children

 

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1.In this passage, the underlined word obsolete probably means .

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C. The beacon in the black box has limited battery power to send out a signal for 30 days.

D. It’s necessary for people to wake up to the weaknesses of the black box

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C. They are reluctant to start the system because it still needs improving.

D. They are unwilling to equip planes with the system as it cuts their profits.

4.From the passage, we can learn that__________.

A. it takes divers one or two years to find the black box after a crash

B. the new system does not live stream black box data for the whole flight

C. Jeanniot changed his view on black box technology when working for a Canadian firm

D. operating a live-streamed black box system costs only three thousand dollars

 

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A. d         B. a       C. b          D. c

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C. the distinctive brushwork and key designs from two gifted artists

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5.A. follows          B. threatens          C. splits            D. maintains

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7.A. switched         B. transformed        C. attached          D. returned

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10.A. imagine          B. say                C. suppose           D. consider

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