Question

If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead，we are diurnal(白天的) creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.

The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences 一 called light pollution 一 whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad  lighting design，which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky. III-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels 一 and light  rhythms — to which many forms of life, including, ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect or life is affected .

In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We’ve grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit night, - dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth, is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost.

We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further form the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing, Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet(磁铁). The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.

Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times righter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint including most other creatures ,we do need darkness .Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself.

Living in a glare of our making,we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night .In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy arching overhead.

1.According to the passage, human being          .

A. prefer to live in the darkness

B. are used to living in the day light

C. were curious about the midnight world

D. had to stay at home with the light of the moon

2.What does “it”(Paragraph 1) most probably refer to?

A. The night.   B. The moon

C. The sky    D. The planet

3.The writer mentions birds and frogs to             .

A. provide examples of animal protection

B. show how light pollution affects animals

C. compare the living habits of both species

D. explain why the number of certain species has declined

4.It is implied in the last paragraph that

A. light pollution dose harm to the eyesight of animals

B. light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages

C. human beings cannot go to the outer space

D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe

Answer

1.B

2.A

3.B

4.D

【解析】

试题分析：文章介绍了光污染对于动物和人类的影响，呼吁我们反思我们的行为。

1.B 细节理解题。根据第一段第三行“ with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light眼睛适应了太阳的光线” 可以知道答案。其中adapted to 和used to 同义，意为“习惯于”。故选B。

2.A 词义猜测题。Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light. 但是这是唯一的方法去解释我们对于夜晚做了什么：我们设计了光，让光充满星空。根据语境分析可知it指代the night。故选A。

3.B 写作目的题。根据第二段第一句话“The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences 这项工程带来好处的同时也带来了坏处”和最后一句“Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life is affected无论光洒在什么地方，生活都会受到一些影响”可知，光影响了人们的生活及地球上的环境。 所以答案是show how light pollution affects animals，作者举例是为了说明光污染影响动物。故选B。

4.D 推理题。分析最后一段，根据we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night“生活在一个刺眼世界，我们已经远离了进化和文化遗产：星星和昼夜节律的光”；In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being“在一个非常真实的意义上，光污染使我们在宇宙中失去真我”

等语句可知作者认为光污染使得人们失去了很多。对比选项发现D选项human beings should reflect on their position in the universe“人类应该反思自己的行为”符合语境。但此题易错选B，之所以不选B是因为some of 的表达是扩大了说法，以偏概全。故选D。

考点：考查说明类短文阅读

【名师点睛】

细节题中的同义转换题解题技巧

做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，将某些语句中的单词、短语进行同义转换。然后对比选项，选择与原文意思相近的答案。这种题型对于英语基础不好，句子理解有障碍的考生来说有一定难度。同义转换题一般以下面几种形式出现：

1.用同义词替换原文句子中某些词语，一般不超过两个，大体语法不变。

2.变换语法但是不改变原意。如主动态变被动态，定语从句还原，省略副词等

3.原文句子是否定形式，从反面叙述，而答案是正面形式，是肯定叙述

4.原文从A角度叙述，答案从B角度叙述，本质不变

5.原文是抽象概括，答案是具体案例

举例来说，Her big break came when she was sent to Florida to report on the vacation of President

John. Kennedy and his family和Her career took off after covering President Kennedy就属于同义转换。其中her big break指代的就是Her career took off，而report和cover出现同义替代。这属于用同义词替换原文句子中某些词语，一般不超过两个。

本文中的第一题就涉及到短语的同义转换。第一段Instead，we are diurnal(白天的) creatures, with

eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light和B选项human being are used to living in the day light都表达了同一个意思，即人类习惯在阳光下生活。原文中的adapt to和B选项中的are used to属于同义转换，而the sun’s light和B选项中的the day light也是同一个意思。