A castle is a type of fortified（加固的）structure built in Europe and the Middle East during the Middle Ages. This is different from a palace, which is no fortified-though there are many similarities among these types of construction. Usage of the term has varied over time and has been applied to diverse structures.
The European castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries, resulting in its land divided among nobles. These nobles built castles to control the area surrounding them, and they were both offensive and defensive structures. Although army uses are often emphasized in castle studies, the structures also served as centres of administration and symbols of power. Urban castles were used to control the local people and important travel routes, and rural castles were often built near farmland.
Many castles were originally built from earth and wood, but had their defences supplanted later by stone. In the late 12th and early 13th centuries, scientific approaches to castle defence appeared, and could function to maximize the castle’s firepower. These changes in defence came from a mixture of castle technology. Although gunpowder was introduced to be built well into the 16th century, improved cannon（大炮）fire made them uncomfortable places to live in. As a result, true castles went into decline.
From the 18th century onwards, there was a renewed interest in castles with the construction of mock（仿造的）castles, part of a romantic revival（复活）of Gothic architecture, but they had no defensive purpose.
1.According to the first paragraph, we can know .
A. the palace is a fortified structure
B. the castle is different from the palace
C. the palace changed over time
D. the structures of the castle in different ages look the same.
2.what does the second paragraph mainly talk about?
A. Symbols of the European castles.
B. Functions of the European castles.
C. Influences of the European castles.
D. Characteristics of the European castles.
3.The underlined word “ supplanted ” in the third paragraph is closet in meaning to “ “.
A. produced B. saved C. protected D. replaced
4. What can be inferred from the river?
A. Castles have nothing in common with palaces.
B. Castles have a history of more than 1,000 years in Europe.
C. Castles were mainly used for defensive purposes after the 18th century.
D. The introduction of gunpowder instantly influenced castle building in Europe.
Photography has been my interest ever since I was old enough to pick up a camera, but today I want to share with you the 15 most treasured photos of mine, and I didn’t take any of them. There were no art directors, no stylists, no chance for reshoots, not even any regard for lighting. In fact, most of them were taken by random tourists.
My story begins when I was in New York City for a speech, and my wife took a picture of me holding my daughter on her first birthday. We’re on the corner of the 57th and 5th avenue. We happened to be back in New York exactly a year later, so we decided to take the same picture.
Well you can see where this is going. Approaching my daughter’s third birthday, my wife said, “Hey, why don’t you take Sabina back to New York and make it a father-daughter trip, and continue the ceremony?” This is when we started asking passing tourists to take the picture.
So these photos are far more than representatives for a single moment, or even a specific trip. They’re also ways for us to freeze time for one week in October and reflect on our times and how we change from year to year, and nor just physically, but in every way. Because while we take the same photo, our viewpoints change, and she reaches new milestones and I get to see life through her eyes, and how she communicates with and sees everything. This very focused time we get to spend together is something we value and expect the entire year.
1.What can we know about the author from the first paragraph?
A. He is fond of being photographed alone.
B. He hardly ever asks strangers to take pictures of him.
C. He has been interested in photography since childhood.
D. He’s proud of the 15 most treasured photos taken by himself.
2.Who came up with the idea of having a father-daughter trip when Sabina was 3 years old?
A. Her mother. B. Her father.
C. Sabina herself D. An unknown tourist.
3.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .
A. children usually get to see life through adults’ eyes
B. the 15 photos are meaningful to the author’s family
C. it takes the author a whole week to have a family photo taken
D. the viewpoints of the author’s family never change with the time.
4.What can be the best title of the text?
A. Believe it or not; photos do change
B. Photos help a family become rich
C. Even strangers can help take photographs
D. A father-daughter bond, one photo at a time
Are you a volcano lover? Here is a list of some of the world’s most beautiful volcanoes that our travel agency can offer you to visit. Don’t miss them!
Mount Mayon, the Philippines
Located about 450 km southeast of Manila on the island of Luzon, Mount Mayon is the most active volcano in the Philippines; a September 2014 eruption forced thousands to flee the area. Those who hike the volcano are rewarded with views of the towns on the Albay province and the Pacific Ocean. But even those who prefer the view from a distance have historical good point at the Cagsawa Ruins, once an 18th Century Franciscan church that was destroyed by an 1814 eruption.
Kilauea and Mauna Kea, Hawall
Hawaii’s volcanoes are known for their active eruptions and extraordinary scenes. Mauna Kea is around one million years old, while Kilauea is the youngest volcano in Hawaii and has been erupting continuously since 1983. The lava falls straight into the sea, creating fantastic forms of black rocks and smoke clouds.
Mount Kelimutu, Indonesia
Kelimutu’s three mysterious crater lakes attract both scientists and tourists to the island of Flores in Indonesia’s East Nusa Tenggara province. One is emerald green（翡翠绿），another dark red, and the third pitch black. Scientists say the lakes take on such colors because the volcanic gases met the lakes’ minerals centuries ago.
1.People who hike Mount Mayon can enjoy the following EXCEPT .
A. views of the towns in the Albay province
B. views of the Pacific Ocean
C. views of the Cagsawa Ruins
D. views of Indonesia’s East Nusa Tenggara province
2.According to the text, Kilauea .
A. is an active volcano
B. stopped erupting in 1983
C. is the youngest volcano in the world
D. forces thousands to flee in 2014.
3.The colors of Kelimutu’s three mysterious crater lakes are due to .
A. water pollution B. different environment
C. chemical reaction D. different temperatures
用恰当的词或短语完成句子，每空一词。
1.她太紧张了以至于不能把自己表述清楚。
She was too nervous________ ______ herself clearly.
2.很多房屋在过去的3年中被完全的毁坏了。
A number of houses ______ ________ _________ over the last 3 years.
3.昨天只有通过这样做我们才能成功的营救出这些矿工。
Only by doing so ________ we able to rescue these miners yesterday.
4.并不是所有的人都有好的品质。
_______ __________ the people have good qualities.
5.这本书值得买。
This book is worth_____________.
6.就是在她的指导下我们成功了。
It was under her guidance_________ we succeeded.
7.毫无疑问地他被判处死刑了。
There is no doubt_________ he was sentenced to death.
8.这个老师对待他的学生们好像他们是他的孩子一样。
This teacher treats his students as if they__________ his own children.
9.黑人们处于一种不得不攻击政府的情况中。
Black people were put into a position __________ they had to attack the government.
10.没有什么事情能使他放弃学习英语。
Nothing can get him______ ________ _______ learning English.
单句改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改句子，请你修改你同桌写的以下10个句子，每句中只有1处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加，删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：每处错误及其修改均限一词；
1.He studied very hard ever since he came to our school.
2.The rescue workers final arrived at the end of last week.
3.Million of Chinese people are learning English as a foreign language.
4.I want to offer my sincere congratulation to you on your exam results.
5.The first time when I saw her, I fell in love with her.
6.Don’t lose your heart, even if you are in trouble.
7.As matter of fact, those books are of high quality.
8.We are amazing to find that no one got injured in the accident.
9.There is no wonder that she failed in the exam. She had never worked hard.
10.A great number of parents send their children to big cities to accept better education.
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Truth and honesty is the best policy, which shows the importance of honesty. What are the benefits of honesty? If you are honest to 1._, they will be honest to you in return. When you are sad, they will comfort you. When you are 2.__ trouble, they will help you. Honesty is regarded as the traditional virtue of our Chinese nation. 3.__ is usually better to be honest than dishonest. Sometimes honesty may get you in trouble or hurt someone, but on the whole 4._(tell) the truth is less harmful than lying. Dishonesty can result in guilty feelings, 5._ (cause)distrust among people and even ruin your reputation. One of the 6.__(bad) things about lying is that it causes a guilty conscience(良心). As 7._ result, people will not trust you any longer and you will lose your reputation and all your friends. Do you still remember the boy 8.__ cried wolf for several times so no one would trust him? At last all his sheep 9.__(eat) by the wolf. His dishonesty brought him shame as well as damage. So to sum up, honesty not only brings us honor and friendship, but 10.__ material gains. Honesty is the best policy we can take.
