书面表达
Right after the Second World War, Germany was in ruins. Almost all the houses, factories and schools were destroyed. Plenty of people were homeless as well as jobless. Worse still, the supply of water and electricity was often cut off in the city. Two American journalists interviewed a German family living in the basement. The husband was disabled from the war and the wife was just dismissed from a clothing company. Worse still, there were bills for them to pay—four children to care for and food to buy. Life was hard for them at that time.
After the interview, the journalists chatted with each other on the way back to the company.
“Do you think the Germans could rebuild their homeland?”
“Absolutely.”
“But I can’t see any hope for the country at all. How can you be so certain about that?”
“Have you noticed what they put on the table in the basement? There was a vase of flowers. A nation, suffering at such moment, hasn’t forgotten about flowers. It shows that hopes are not lost. They are still able to dream. A nation with hope can create miracles. They are sure to be able to rebuild their homeland.”
写作内容：
1. 以约30个词概括上文的主要内容；
2. 以约120个词就梦想改变命运的话题谈谈你的想法，内容包括：
(1) 你赞同文中的观点吗？
(2) 举例证明你赞同或不赞同的原因；
(3) 谈谈你对梦想的看法以及你如何为实现梦想而努力。
写作要求：
1. 作文中可以使用亲身经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。
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单词拼写
1.This law gave every citizen, and every f ______ who asked for citizenship, the right to claim government land.
2.He set off early, full of hope but came back e______.
3.He was still m_____ his dear mother’s death.
4.Our teacher said that my composition was good but is still needed p_____ to make it.
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。
“I invented a new word. How do I get it into the dictionary?”
This is, by far, the question lexicographers(词典编纂者）hear the most. People invent new words all the time, but which ones actually make it into the dictionary? When lexicographers decide what words to add to dictionaries, they try to imagine what words users actually want to look up. There are important factors to keep in mind here.
1) Is the word in widespread usage?
The usage question is an important one that gets at the heart of how dictionaries are written. When modern lexicographers try to add words to dictionaries, they tend to approach their work from the angle of descriptivism — that is, they observe how the language is being used, see if it’s a common phenomenon, and then write definitions based on their research.
2) Does the word have staying power?
Widespread usage does not, however, guarantee a word a shiny new definition in a dictionary. Is the word going to stay around for a while, or is it just a passing fad? Is it likely to be in use in 5, 10, 20, or even 100 years? These are important questions to ask because there are far more updates and new words to be added to dictionaries than lexicographers have time to write.
3) Are you famous? Do you have influence?
If you’re famous, that could definitely up your chances of getting a word into a dictionary. Are you a writer? That could help. Take, for example, William Shakespeare, who invented (or at least popularized) hundreds of words and phrases commonly used today. Politicians also make their contributions. Abraham Lincoln invented the word neologize, and Winston Churchill has the first citation(引语）in the OED for many words, including fluffily and fly-in. So if you’re a person with influence and a following, the words you use can spread into common usage, which, as discussed above, is very important when it comes to gaining dictionary-entry.
4) Does the word fill a gap in the language?
If you’re not famous, there are other ways. Maybe you’re a scientist introducing new concepts to the public. Take, for example, the Higgs Boson particle(粒子), named after physicist Peter W. Higgs. But you don’t have to be a scientist to get your word a dictionary entry. Just look at Dominique Ansel, the pastry chef (糕点师) who captured the stomachs of New Yorkers with his dessert, the cronat. His invention even inspired copycats in the form of doissants and daffins.
Apart from these, it does sometimes help if the word is fun to say. The term blog is relatively new, which arose in 1999 when Peter Merholz made a light-hearted comment on the sidebar of his “weblog” telling his readers “I’ve decided to pronounce the word ‘weblog’ as wee’-blog. Or ‘blog’ for short.” And there’s also Dr. Seuss, who invented the term nerd.
So, why do some words make it into dictionaries while others don’t? With the knowledge discussed above in hand, the answer is more than obvious. Go forth! Use language creatively! Lexicographers are listening!
Title: How does a word gain 1. into the dictionary? | ||
Reasons | Details | Examples |
Being used 2. | With the approach of descriptivism, modern lexicographers will observe how commonly a word is used and 3. it according to their research. |
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Having staying power | The 4.a word remains in use, the more likely it is to be put into the dictionary. |
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Being invented by famous people | Chances of dictionary entry also 5.if the new word is invented by people of importance and influence. | hundreds of words and phrases invented by literary figures and 6. |
7.a gap in the language | If a word introduces new scientific concepts, or 8. new inventions, it will probably get into the dictionary. | the Higgs Boson particle; cromit, doissants, duffins |
Being fun to say | Some words make it into dictionaries because they carry a 9. of fun when you use them. | 10., nerd |
阅读理解
阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
Emergency rooms (ER) are supposed to cure people but Dr. John Stemgold wonders if working in an ER in Willits made him sick. The ER was downwind of the Remco chrome plant. “I used to sit facing that window and kind of daydream out the window, looking at Remco, looking at the fog coming out of there. Then I would cough and cough.” Stemgold said.
What Dr.Stemgold didn’t know was that Remco was flowing out Chromium VI into the air--- a chemical known to cause cancer and breathing problems in humans. A recent state health department study found that people who were in Willits when Remco was in operation from 1964 to 1995 are at higher risk for cancer because of Chromium VI exposure.
Today Dr.Stemgold has lots of time to play his guitar. It turns out he has a form of breathing difficulty. Hospital chemicals cause coughing so violently that he’s broken bones and it’s cost him his career. Others in this town believe the Chromium has made them sick, too, and their families. Actually, Chromium VI was classified as a carcinogen , a cancer-causing substance, thirty years ago, Twenty years ago, a group of state scientific specialists found no exposure level below which carcinogen effects would not have some probability of occurring. Still, Remco was allowed to flow out Chromium VI into the air.
In the battle to balance public health and a healthy economy, laws often favor business, Alan Ramo is a professor of law at Golden Gate University. “There is a real drive to make money, to have employment. When there’s a real job that’s available and a theoretical risk of a chemical, jobs win out, business wins out.”
And chemicals are allowed to flood the marketplace and the government requires strict testing before any drugs can be sold. But the vast majority of industrial chemicals are put into use little testing of any kind Chemicals that people like us, you and me might be exposed to. Marilyn Underwood is with California state health department. “ You need to have the convincing evidence that something is bad to then start regulating it.” However, in most cases, chemicals are not tested until someone reports the abnormal, unnatural condition of the environment in general.
“I think that if people really knew what really goes on with environmental protection I think they would be shocked and they should be.” Says Professor Ramo. “It might be valuable for other people to know what has happened to me, not for me but for them.” He said “because they might be in a similar situation because of where they work.”
1.What happened to the people who lived in Willits from 1964-1995?
A. most of them were forced to move away.
B. They earn a lot of fortune from the factory or the profit it brought about.
C. employees from local area all got sick and lost their jobs at the plant.
D. They have a greater chance of having severe disease.
2.What can we infer from the scientists’ finding twenty years ago?
A. Chromium VI surroundings help surgeons have more casual life.
B. More skillful and capable doctors were needed.
C. There is no safe level of Chromium VI exposure.
D. A group of scientists were trying proper ways to solve the problems.
3.When are new chemicals for industry tested?
A. When they make smog-forming gases.
B. When some problem is noticed.
C. Ten years after they are first used.
D. When the plant faces collapse.
4.One of the important issues in the story is______.
A. The dangers of emergency rooms that create health problem downwind.
B. Doctors prescribing too many drugs.
C. The battle to balance public health and a healthy economy
D. Why scientists restricted chemical, like Chromium VI
阅读理解
阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
The vast majority of fitness trackers count your steps and are worn around the wrist, but now there’s a device that’s designed to be worn like a necklace and monitors tiny movements to improve your posture.
The Fineck device aims to address neck pain by tracking tiny movement, spotting bad habits and suggesting exercises via an accompanying app. Made from silicone(硅)and titanium(钛), Fineck monitors a wearer’s movement, balance, posture and movement thanks to sensors inside. The Mountain View California-based firm says that a high percentage of people suffer from neck pain and associated problems, probably caused by more individuals doing office jobs, which generally involve leaning over computer keyboard.
The device contains sensors, several different types of instruments to monitor movement, plus a monitor to shake. It connects to an IOS app via Bluetooth so that wearers can see their bad habits and play “neck training” games. The app warns of health risks and records a user’s activity to build up a customer personal health description. The necklace shakes to give smart advice, such as reminding wearers to sit up straight. The app also allows users to set goals, like many other wearables do. “Fineck is the first wearable device for your neck that tracks your neck activity and warn you when you are in a bad posture for too long. You can also exercise your neck with Fineck’s interactive games.” The company writes on Kickstarter. “No matter where you are and what you are doing at office, on the go, or simply just feeling bored, Fineck will bring you enriched exercise experience through motion sensing games and therapies.”
It also claims that it is “the world’s first titanium wearable device”. The metal is widely used in fashion stuff that you can wear or carry to match your clothes because it is lightweight, durable and does not tend to cause allergic(过敏的)reactions. It also offers additional features such as shaking to indicate alerts on a user’s smartphone, but it is not currently clear whether it can also be used like bands, to count steps, and so on.
The Fineck has a battery life of around seven days and takes one hour to charge. It is available to pre-order via Kickstarter from ＄69(￡44)and is due to ship in March next year.
1.What helps the Fineck device to deal with neck pain?
A. An accompanying app. B. A necklace
C. Computer keyboard. D. A remote control
2.Besides allowing people to set goals, the iOS app also_____.
A. improves your posture and suggests exercises
B. exercise your neck and does office jobs
C. alerts you to health risk and records your activity
D. counts your steps and addresses neck pain
3.Which of the following statements is true?
A. The Fineck takes an hour to charge and is available at any time.
B. Movie stars like to wear necklace made of silicone to match their clothes.
C. The device count the steps to help wearers to see their bad habits.
D. Neck-ache is something caused by using computers too much.
4. We can infer from the passage that the Fineck device will_____.
A. actually not cause allergic reactions.
B. enrich your life by providing “neck training” games
C. monitor a wearer’s movement due to the material it is made of
D. help to correct your improper postures
阅读理解
阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
Previously, I heard a story about a mother who had two daughters. She loved them very much, but two girls would fight with each other from their earliest years. As they grew older, they became total strangers. They had no contact with each other when they were adults.
This caused the mother great pain. Then, later, she had an idea. She decided to write a letter to them. In this letter, she told them how much she loved them, and how she wanted them to love each other in this way. She also gave them news of herself, and some guidance on how they might live happier lives.
When the letter was ready, she wrote out one copy for each daughter, but these copies were special. Each copy contained only every second sentence of the original letter. The copy for one daughter had only the even(偶数的) sentences, and the other daughter’s copy contained only the odd sentences. Neither copy made sense on its own. Neither contained the fullness of the mother’s message.
When the two daughters received their letters, they were puzzled. If they really wanted to know what the letters said, they would have to put the two letters together, and read them as one. That meant they must approach one another again in mutual(彼此的) love and respect.
For a long time, the mother waited in vain. Both daughters tried to understand the half-letter, but they each blamed the other for not helping them. Each daughter thought she knew her mother better.
Then one day, when the mother had almost given up hope, there was a knock at the door. There they stood, together. “We’ve come home,” they said at the same time. “We’ve finally put our letters together, and we’ve come to say how much we love you, Mum.” Then she hugged them both, tears of joy streaming down her cheeks, and welcomed them back home.
1. Why did the mother give her daughters incomplete letters?
A. She wanted to tell them her good news and bad news.
B. She hoped they would ask her for more information.
C. She hoped they would approach each other and make up.
D. She thought she could change their attitude towards her.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that _____.
A. love can neither be bought nor sold
B. faults are thick when love is thin
C. without respect, love can’t go far
D. love can help enemies become friends
3.What is the best title for this passage?
A. An Unusual Letter
B. A Mother’s Endless Love
C. Special Daughters
D. Deep Love from Daughters
