The Celerifere, an early version of the bicycle, was built around 1791 by a French man, Comte Mede de Sivrac. It was basically a scooter with a high seat. There were no pedals---you had to push with your feet like you do with a skateboard or a scooter.
Around 1816 Baron Karl Drais de Sauerbrun in Germany added a moveable steering（操纵）handle. These early machines were often known as dandy horses or hobby horses, but weren’t very popular.
The improvement that made them popular was added by a Scottish blacksmith around 1839. Kirkpatrick Macmillan added pedals to enable it to get up hills. It was this improvement that made the bicycle a serious form of transportation.
Bike were called velocipedes（脚踏两轮车）or bone-shakers, because of the lack of the proper tires made for a rough ride! It wasn’t until around 1869 that they began to be called bicycles (“two-wheels”). Carriage makers in Paris (either Pierre and Ernest Michaux, or their employee Pierre Lallement) switched the pedal to the front wheel. That’s why it is usually either Lallement or the Michauxs, not Macmillan, who are considered as the inventor of the bicycle.
In 1869 the penny-farthing or high-wheeler was invented. With the large wheel the rider could go much farther with each push of the pedal, but caused many accidents because the seat was so far off the ground.
In the mid-1880s Englishman James Starley manufactured what he called the “safety bicycle” , which had two similarly-sized wheels and a major improvement--- a chain（链条）and sprocket（链轮齿） driven rear wheel, with the pedals between the two wheels like modern bicycles.
One more historical note---it’s possible that the idea of the bicycle was thought of almost 400 years before it was actually invented. There is a drawing of a bicycle-like machine in one of Leonardo da Vinci’s notebooks, which dates back to about 1493.
1.Who is recognized as the inventor of the bicycle?
A. The Michauxs.
B. Macmillan.
C. Comte Mede de Sivac.
D. Baron Karl von Drais de Sauerbrun.
2. Why was the bicycle not popular in the early 1800’s?
A. It was too expensive.
B. The seat was too high.
C. There were no pedals.
D. It had no tires.
3.Which of the following statements can NOT be inferred from the passage?
A. The “safety bicycle” was much like the modern bicycle.
B. Leonardo da Vinci once drew a machine similar to the bicycle.
C. The penny-farthing did not last long because it was a bit too dangerous.
D. Comte Mede De Sivrac’s invention had both a steering handle and pedals.
4. What’s the best title of the passage?
A. The Inventor of the Bicycle
B. Modern Bicycles
C. The History of the Bicycle
D. Leonardo da Vinci and the Bicycle
When I was three, my parents took me to have an operation in India, which stopped my eyesight from deteriorating（恶化）. Several years later we moved to Pakistan, where I received 12 operations within one year and went completely blind. Later, I realized that the doctors used me as an experiment.
I met my husband when he came over from India to study. I wanted to go to India to marry him, but it was almost impossible to emigrate. I made a crazy plan to cross the borders of several countries to get to India. I was arrested in the first country I escaped to. Back in Pakistan, I lost my job and was asked to sign a “never-to-escape” promise. Instead, when I got home, I made a cup of coffee and decided to make a formal application for emigration. The chance was slim, and people who applied to go to India found it hard to find a job in Pakistan while they were waiting. In the end, my husband managed to smooth the way for my emigration. We got married and had children. But after nine years, he died of brain cancer. I was helpless for a while, and then I learned to face reality optimistically. He taught us happiness came from inside us.
Six years ago, I brought home a dog called Moritz from the seeing-eye dog centre. He was short with long ears. No one liked him because of his pathetic（可怜的）appearance. We were almost always together. Moritz could not leave me for even one minute. Now when I walk down the street, not like before, people will come up and say, “What a good seeing-eye dog!”, and have a little chat with me as a normal creature.
I’m now working for the Association of the Blind and I have many good friends, and a special friend in Hamburg. It is a wonderful feeling to speak freely with someone I can’t see, to trust one another.
1.The author went blind just because _______.
A. she was born completely blind
B. she received an operation in India
C. her parents didn’t pay attention to her illness
D. she was unluckily put to the test
2.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. It was full of hope to unite with her husband.
B. Emigrating to India was never easy at that time.
C. She was very thin and weak at that hard time.
D. There was little chance to find a job in India.
3. When the author walked down the street before, people may _________.
A. look down upon her and view her as a poor being
B. chat with her with great warmth
C. criticize how ugly her dog looked
D. respect her for her independence
4. From the text, we learn the author is ________.
A. a burden not only for her family but also for the society
B. a kind-hearted lady protecting wretched pets
C. not an obedient citizen
D. a determined and optimistic person
A Groundbreaking Event
It was an unforgettable field trip. Twenty-six fifth-graders from George Bancroft Elementary School, in Washington, D.C., went to the White House on Friday. They used shovels, rakes and wheelbarrows to help First Lady Michelle Obama break ground on a new vegetable garden.
This White House garden is the first since World War Ⅱ. In the 1940s, First lady Eleanor Roosevelt planted a White House “Victory Garden” to encourage Americans to grow gardens at home. Mrs. Obama’s new garden is an L-shaped patch near the fountain on the South Lawn. Vegetables to be planted include lettuce, peas, collard greens, onions and spinach. A herb garden will grow garlic, sage and cilantro. These herbs are used in Mexican food, an Obama family favourite. White House chefs will prepare meals for the First Family with food from the garden and some of the produce will be donated to Miriam’s Kitchen, a soup kitchen near the White House.
Health food is important to Mrs. Obama. She said that the purpose of the garden is to make sure that her family, the White House staff, and guests eat fresh vegetables. Mrs. Obama has also said that she hopes the new White House garden will help educate Americans about the importance of fresh, nutritious food at a time when obesity is a national crisis. A diet high in natural, unprocessed foods helps people maintain a healthy weight.
Mrs. Obama said she has found that her daughters, Malia, 16, and Sasha, 13, like vegetables more if they have been involved in growing them. “If they have been involved in planting and picking the vegetables, they are much more curious about giving them a try,” she said. When Bancroft students go back to the White House this summer they will get to taste the vegetables they helped to grow. After they help to harvest the crops, they will cook them in the White House kitchen and then eat them.
1.What did the Bancroft students do outside the White House?
A. They gave shovels, rakes and wheelbarrows to the First Lady.
B. They did research on what life is like for the First Lady.
C. They helped First Lady Michelle Obama to plant a garden.
D. They gave fruit and vegetables to the First Lady.
2.The reason why First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt planted a “Victory Garden” was that _________.
A. she did it just for fun.
B. she wanted other citizens to follow her example.
C. she wanted to please her husband.
D. she wanted to get some gardening experience.
3.Why did Mrs. Obama plan to plant the garden?
A. Because she wanted her children to become gardeners.
B. Because she wanted to know what gardening is like.
C. Because she wanted to become a second Eleanor Roosevelt.
D. Because she wanted people in the white house to eat a healthy food.
书面表达
假设你是高中生李华，有感于校园中存在的随意涂写（to scribble) 和乱丢垃圾（to litter)的行为，请用英语给校长写一封100-120个词的信。信中应包括以下内容：
1.说明写信目的；
2.对这些行为进行批评；
3.提出建议。
注意：信的抬头、落款及信得第一句已给出（不计词数）。
November 4, 2015
Dear Mr. Headmaster,
I am Li Hua, a student from Class 1, Senior I.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Yours faithfully,
Li Hua
短文改错
文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线( \)划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词 2.只允许修改10处，多者(从11处起)不计分
After five years away in my hometown, I find that the neighborhood which I used to living in has changed a lot. The Sichuan Restaurant and the older fish shop across the street from our middle school were gone. There exist now a park where has a small river running through. The factory at the corner of Friendship Street and Zhongshan Road has been moved out of the city, and sports center has been built in their place. The market at the corner of Friendship Street and Xinhua Road has been given way to a supermarket. Besides the bookstore next to our middle school is still there.
单词拼写
1.The (疲惫不堪的) climbers were rescued by helicopter.
2.The acceptance of new members is (严格) controlled.
3.Because of his special experience, he was chosen to be an (助理) to the president for energy affairs.
4.The symptoms of flu may be unpleasant, but they (消失) within a few days.
5.An exchange of (纪念品) is popular now.
6.He was wearing a very (严肃的) expression and I knew something was wrong.
7.The book gives a short (描述) of the city.
8.I want to thank everyone who has (鼓励) and supported me.
9.The story was first written in English and later (翻译) into Chinese.
10.Christophe Pires was born and brought up in France, but he speaks English (流利地).
