根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Have you ever studied a subject or brainstormed an idea, only to find yourself with pages of information, but no clear view of how it fits together? This is where Mind Mapping can help you．
Mind Mapping is a useful technique that helps you learn more effectively, improves the way that you record information, and supports and enhances creative problem solving． By using Mind Maps, you can quickly identify and understand the structure of a subject． You can see the way that pieces of information fit together, as well as recording the raw facts contained in normal notes．1. , as they help your mind recall and review．
Popularized by Tony Buzan, Mind Maps abandon the list format of conventional note taking．They do this in favor of a two-dimensional structure． A good Mind Map shows the 'shape' of the subject, the relative importance of individual points, and the way in which facts relate to one another．2.
1．Write the title of the subject you're exploring in the center of the page, and draw a circle around it．
2．As you come across major subdivisions or subheadings of the topic (or important facts that relate to the subject) draw lines out from this circle． Label these lines with these subdivisions or subheadings．
3．As you "burrow" into (挖掘) the subject and uncover another level of information (further subheadings, or individual facts) belonging to the subheadings, draw these as lines linked to the subheading lines．
4．3.．
5．As you come across new information, link it in to the Mind Map appropriately．
4.．Sub-topics and facts will branch off these, like branches and twigs from the trunk of a tree． You don't need to worry about the structure you produce, as this will evolve of its own accord．
5.．If you do any form of research or note taking, try experimenting with Mind Maps． You will find them surprisingly effective!
A． To draw a Mind Map, follow these steps:
B． Mind Mapping is an extremely effective method of taking notes．
C． They help you to associate ideas and make connections that you might not otherwise make．
D． A complete Mind Map may have main topic lines radiating in all directions from the center．
E． Then, for individual facts or ideas, draw lines out from the appropriate heading line and label them．
F． More than this, Mind Maps help you remember information
G． When created using colors and images or drawings, a Mind Map can even resemble a work of art!
In 2012, the Tower of London welcomed two new inhabitants: a pair of ravens(乌鸦) named Jubilee and Grip． Their arrival celebrated the bicentenary(二百周年) of Charles Dickens’s birth． This Grip was the third of the Tower ravens to be named after the novelist’s own pet bird．One of his predecessors（前辈） was resident during World War Two; he and his mate Mabel were the only ravens to survive a bombing attack on the Tower．
Dickens’s Grip, who had an impressive vocabulary, appears as a character in the author’s fifth novel, Barnaby Rudge． On 28 January 1841, Dickens wrote to his friend George Cattermole: “my notion is to have [Barnaby] always in company with a pet raven, who is immeasurably more knowing than himself． To this end I have been studying my bird, and think I could make a very distinctive character of him．”
Unfortunately, just a few weeks after Dickens wrote that letter, Grip died, probably as a result of having stolen and eaten paint some months earlier． The bird had developed a strange habit – tearing sections off painted surfaces (including the family's carriage) and even drinking a quantity of white paint out of a tin． Dickens mourned his loss and wrote a humorous letter to his friend, the illustrator Daniel Maclise, about the raven’s death．
He related how, when Grip began to show signs of sickness, the vet was called and “administered a powerful dose of castor(蓖麻) oil”． Initially this seemed to have a positive effect and the author was thrilled to see Grip restored to his usual personality when he bit the coachman (who was used to the raven and took it in good humor)． The following morning, Grip was able to eat “some warm porridge”, but his recovery was short lived．
As Dickens wrote to Maclise, “On the clock striking twelve he appeared slightly upset, but soon recovered, walking twice or thrice along the coach-house, stopped to bark, exclaimed ‘Hello old girl’ (his favorite expression) and died．He behaved throughout with a decent manner, which cannot be too much admired．The children seem rather glad of it． He bit their ankles． But that was play．”
1.Which of the following is right about Dickens’s pet Grip?
A． he liked painting a lot．
B． he could speak English fluently．
C． he was quite ill before his death．
D． he and Mabel survived a bombing attack．
2.Why did Dickens study his bird Grip?
A． Because the bird was very strange looking．
B． Because Dickens liked the bird immeasurably．
C． Because Barnaby needs a companion who was always with him．
D． Because Dickens wanted to base one character of his novel on him．
3.What caused the death of Dickens’s Grip?
A． His old age．
B． His strange diet．
C． The killing of the coachman．
D． His bad habit of biting people．
4.Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?
A． A bird in a novel．
B． The writer’s bird．
C． The death of a bird．
D． Dickens and his bird
Two people have died after two separate university shootings in Texas and Arizona, just hours apart． One person was killed and three injured in the first shooting at Northern Arizona University early on Friday． Later that morning a shooting at a student complex near Texas Southern University left one person dead．
In Arizona, police named the gunman there as Steven Jones, an 18-year-old first year student at Northern Arizona University．Mr． Jones told police he was approached by a group of men and attacked．He fled, produced a gun from his pocket and opened fire when the men caught up with him, Arizona police said．Witnesses told police that the victims were unarmed．
The second shooting in Texas happened later on Friday morning at the University Courtyard Apartments on the edge of the Houston campus． One student was killed, a freshman at the school, the university confirmed, and another person was wounded．Two people have been arrested as suspects and a third is still at large, said Houston police spokeswoman Jodi Silva．
The attacks came as President Barack Obama visited families of victims of a college shooting in Oregon． On arriving in Oregon, he was jeered(嘲笑) by gun rights activists who oppose calls he made for tougher gun laws after nine people were killed at Umpqua Community College, Roseburg, last week．
After a private meeting with families, Mr Obama said he had "strong feelings" about gun control, adding: "We are going to have to come together as a country to see how we can prevent these issues from taking place．”
On the edge of this little American town, a few hundred protestors gathered to tell their president he was not welcome． Many were openly carrying handguns to hammer home their message． The demonstrators blamed the shooting here last week on two things: a failure to treat mental health problems and the designation of Umpqua Community College as a gun-free zone． Many of those we spoke to said they had travelled to Roseburg from elsewhere in Oregon to make their voices hear． The hostility to the Democratic president here in Republican rural Oregon was not just political, it was personal．
1.How many people were dead in these two recent university shootings?
A． One．
B． Two．
C． Three．
D． Four．
2.Which of the following is right about the Northern Arizona University shooting?
A． The gunman was about to graduate．
B． It was the victims who started the fight．
C． The gunman shot the victims out of hatred．
D． The victims attacked the gunman with knives．
3.Mr． Obama probably agreed that ____________．
A． gun control is too strict in most parts of America, especially in universities
B． designation of Umpqua community college as a gun-free zone is a wrong decision
C． Americans should be united to prevent criminal shooting from happening so frequently
D．A failure to treat mental health problems caused the shooting at Umpqua Community College
4.The underlined words in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ____________．
A． emphasize
B． digest
C． commit
D． respond
Since the beginning of time never has there been another with my mind, my heart, my eyes, my ears, my hands, my mouth． None that came before, none that live today, and none that come tomorrow can walk and talk and move and think exactly like me． I’m a unique creature．
Vain attempts to imitate others no longer will I make． Instead will I place my uniqueness on display in the market place． I will begin now to highlight my differences; hide my similarities．
I am rare, and therefore I am valuable． I am the end product of thousands of years of evolution; therefore, I am better equipped in both mind and body than all the emperors and wise men before me．
But my skills, my mind, my heart, and my body will weaken, rot, and die for fear that I put them to good use． I have unlimited potential． Only a tiny part of my brain do I employ; only a small amount of my muscle do I apply．
So never again will I be satisfied with yesterday's accomplishments nor will I lose myself, anymore, in self-praise for deeds which in reality are too small to even acknowledge． I can accomplish far more than I have, and I will． I am not on this earth by chance． I am here for a purpose and that purpose is to grow into a mountain, not to shrink to a grain of sanD．Henceforth(从今往后) will I apply all my efforts to become the highest mountain of all and I will strain my potential until it cries for mercy．
I will increase my knowledge of mankind, myself, and the goods I sell． I will practice, and improve, and polish the words I speak to multiply my sales, for this is the foundation on which I will build my career． Also will I seek constantly to improve my manners and graces, for they are the sugar to which all are attracted．
I have been given eyes to see and a mind to think and now I know a great secret of life that all my problems, discouragements, and heartaches are, in truth, great opportunities in disguise． I am nature’s greatest miracle． And nature knows not defeat． Eventually, she achieves victory and so will I, and with each victory the next struggle becomes less difficult．
1.It can be inferred from the text that the author is most probably a(n) _________．
A． robot
B． soldier
C． salesman
D． athlete
2.Which of the following can best describe the author’s character?
A． Intelligent, calm and content．
B． Confident, modest and realistic．
C． Independent, cold and aggressive．
D． Ambitious, confident and optimistic．
3.According to the text, which of the following is fundamental to the author’s career building?
A． Knowledge of mankind．
B． Speaking skills．
C． Prediction of the market．
D． sense of victory．
4.What is the best title for the passage?
A． Nature’s greatest miracle
B． The power of being different
C． The great secret of life
D． Great opportunities in disguise
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
Chinese female scientist Tu Youyou won the 2015 Nobel Prize in medicine on October 5 for her discoveries concerning a novel treatment against Malaria（疟疾）． This is the first Nobel Prize given to a Chinese scientist for work carried out within China．
Tu shared the prize with Irish-born William Campbell and Satoshi Omura of Japan, who were honored for their revolutionary anti-roundworm treatment． 84-year-old Tu is awarded this prize for her contribution to cutting the death rate of malaria, reducing patients’ suffering and promoting mankind’s health． Although she received several medical awards in the past, the 2015 Nobel Prize is definitely the most privilege reward that recognizes Tu’s dedication and perseverance in discovering artemisinin（青蒿素）, the key drug that battles malaria-friendly parasites（寄生虫）．
However, her route to the honor has been anything but traditional． She won the Nobel Prize for medicine, but she doesn’t have a medical degree or a Phd．In China, she is even being called the “three-noes” winner: no medical degree, no doctorate, and she’s never worked overseas． No wonder her success has stirred China’s national pride and helped promote confidence of native Chinese scientists．
The fact that Tu has none of these three backgrounds reminds us that science should be more accessible to all． One shall be able to become a scientist no matter what kind of background he or she comes from, as long as one dives into scientific research． There have been discussions on people who really love science but are never able to achieve much during their whole life． Their contributions can never be ignored．They work so hard to prove the wrong way so that the future researchers will be closer to the right one．
As the first Chinese mainland Nobel Prize Winner of natural science award, Tu’s record-breaking winning also serves as a reminder to those who are too eager for instant success． Science is never about instant success． Tu spent decades on scientific research before its value is officially acknowledged．There is no way to measure how much one devotes to science and compare it with how much reward he or she may get．
1.It can be concluded from the text that __________．
A． Tu worked home and abroad to conduct her research
B． Tu got the Nobel Prize for her anti-roundworm treatment
C． The Nobel Prize is the first award to recognize her work
D． Her discovery of artemisinin has helped to cut Malaria death rate
2.The author seems to agree that a person who is more likely to become a scientist is the one with__________．
A． a sense of national pride
B． relevant academic knowledge
C． a desire to achieve success
D． enthusiasm for scientific research
3.In writing the passage, the author intends to ___________．
A． inform readers of the news and make comments
B． discourage the pursuit of instant success in science
C． remind readers of the principles of scientific research
D． praise the award winner and encourage scientific research
书面表达
假设你是李华，你的英国朋友Tom喜爱中国文化，你想邀请他除夕（New Year’s Eve）来中国过春节，感受中国文化。请你根据以下要点给Tom写一封电子邮件：
1. 问候Tom并发出邀请；
2. 活动安排：包水饺，看演出，赏灯（lantern）等.
注意：1. 词数100左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
