阅读填空
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：请将答案写在答题纸上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。
Family structure is the core of any culture．A major function of the family is to socialize new members of a culture．As children are raised in a family setting，they learn to become members of the family as well as members of the larger culture．The family provides the model for all other relationships in society．Through the observations and modeling of the behavior of other family members，children learn about the family and society including the values of the culture．Family structure and their inherent relationships and obligations are a major source of cultural difference．
The family is the center of most traditional Asians' lives．Many people worry about their families' welfare，reputation，and honor．Asian families are often extended，including several generations related by blood or marriage living in the same home．An Asian person's misdeeds are not blamed just on the individual but also on the family—including the dead ancestors．
Traditional Chinese，among many other Asians，respect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them．Children repay their parents' sacrifices by being successful and supporting them in old age．This is accepted as a natural part of life in China．In contrast，taking care of aged parents is often viewed as tremendous burden in the United States，where aging and family support are not honored highly．
The Vietnamese family consists of people currently alive as well as the spirits of the dead and of the asyet unborn．Any decisions or actions are done from family considerations，not individual desires．People's behavior is judged on whether it brings shame or pride to the family．Vietnamese children are trained to rely on their families，to honor elderly people，and to fear foreigners．Many Vietnamese think that their actions in this life will influence their status in the next life．
Fathers in traditional Japanese families are typically strict and distant．Japanese college students in one study said they would tell their fathers just about as much as they would tell a total stranger．The emotional and communication barrier between children and fathers in Japan appears very strong after children have reached a certain age．
Although there has been much talk about “family values”in the United States，the family is not a usual frame of reference for decisions in U．S．mainstream culture．Family connections are not so important to most people．Dropping the names of wealthy or famous people the family knows is done in the United States，but it is not viewed positively．More important is a person's own individual “track record” of personal achievement．
Thus，many cultural differences exist in family structures and values．In some cultures，the family is the center of life and the main frame of reference for decisions．In other cultures，the individuals，not the family，is primary．In some cultures，the family's reputation and honor depend on each person's actions；in other cultures，individuals can act without permanently affecting the family life．Some cultures value old people，while other cultures look down on them．
(Adaptedfrom R．L．Oxford & R．C．Scarcella，“A Few Family Structures and Values Around the Globe”)
Before the law sits a gatekeeper．To this gatekeeper comes a man from the country who asks to gain entry into the law．But the gatekeeper says that he cannot grant him entry at the moment．The man thinks about it and then asks if he will be allowed to come in sometime later on．“It is possible，” says the gatekeeper，“but not now．” ①The gate to the law stands open，as always，and the gatekeeper walks to the side，so the man bends over in order to see through the gate into the inside．When the gatekeeper notices that，he laughs and says:
“If it tempts you so much, try going inside in spite of my prohibition． But take note． I am powerful． And I am only the most lowly gatekeeper． But from room to room stand gatekeepers, each more powerful than the other． I cannot endure even one glimpse of the third．”
The man from the country has not expected such difficulties: the law should always be accessible for everyone，he thinks，but as he now looks more closely at the gatekeeper in his fur coat，at his large pointed nose and his long，thin，black Tartar's beard，he decides that it would be better to wait until he gets permission to go inside．The gatekeeper gives him a stool and allows him to sit down at the side in front of the gate．There he sits for days and years．He makes many attempts to be let in，and he wears the gatekeeper out with his requests．The gatekeeper often interrogates him briefly，questioning him about his homeland and many other things，but they are indifferent questions，the kind great men put，and at the end he always tells him once more that he cannot let him inside yet．The man，who has equipped himself with many things for his journey，spends everything，no matter how valuable，to win over the gatekeeper．The latter takes it all but，as he does so，says，“I am taking this only so that you do not think you have failed to do anything．” ②
During the many years the man observes the gatekeeper almost continuously．He forgets the other gatekeepers，and this first one seems to him the only barrier for entry into the law．He curses the unlucky circumstance，in the first years thoughtlessly and out loud; later，as he grows old，he only mumbles to himself．He becomes childish and，since in the long years studying the gatekeeper he has also come to know the fleas(跳蚤) in his fur collar，he even asks the fleas to help him persuade the gatekeeper．Finally his eyesight grows weak，and he does not know whether things are really darker around him or whether his eyes are merely deceiving him．But he recognizes now in the darkness a ray of light which breaks out of the gateway to the law．Now he no longer has much time to live．
Before his death he gathers in his head all his experiences of the entire time up into one question which he has not yet put to the gatekeeper．He waves to him，since he can no longer lift up his stiffening body．The gatekeeper has to bend way down to him，for the great difference has changed things considerably to the disadvantage of the man．③ “You are insatiable(不知足的)．” “Everyone strives after the law，” says the man，“so how is it that in these many years no one except me has requested entry？” The gatekeeper sees that the man is already dying and，in order to reach his diminishing sense of hearing，he shouts at him，“Here no one else can gain entry，since this entrance was assigned only to you．I'm going now to close it．” ④
1.Which can best describe the man from the country?
A．Brave but innocent．
B．Loyal but ridiculous．
C．Tolerant but stubborn．
D．Trustworthy but childish．
2.What is the implied meaning of the underlined sentences?
A．Anyone who breaks the law will get severe punishment．
B．It's next to impossible for people to gain entry into the law．
C．The gatekeepers are powerful enough to defend the law．
D．All the gatekeepers take full responsibility for obeying the law．
3.The sentence “What do you still want to know now？” asks the gatekeeper．can be put in ．
A．①
B．②
C．③
D．④
4.Which of the following is TRUE?
A．The gatekeeper is actually the symbol of responsibility．
B．All efforts made by the man from the country are in vain．
C．The man from the country finally gains access into the law．
D．A close relationship is formed between the gatekeeper and the man．
5.Why is the man from the country eager to have access to the law continuously?
A．Because he is anxious to explore the nature of law．
B．Because no one can gain entry into the law except him．
C．Because the gatekeeper promises him entry into the law．
D．Because he knows how to take advantage of the gatekeeper．
6.What may be the title of the novel?
A．Before the law
B．Above the law
C．A countryman's life
D．A gatekeeper's duty
C “Over the years the unthinkable has become thinkable and today we sense we are close to being able to alter human heredity(遗传)．” These were the words of David Baltimore of the California Institute of Technology，on December 1st，when he opened a threeday meeting in Washington to discuss the morality and use of human gene editing．Dr Baltimore is an old hand at these sorts of discussions，for he was also a participant in the Asilomar conference，in 1975，which brought scientists together to discuss a safe way of using the thennew technology of recombinant DNA，and whose recommendations influenced a generation of biotechnology researchers．
Four decades on，the need for a similar sort of chinwag has arisen．The International Summit on Human Gene Editing has been held by the national scientific academies of three countries—America，Britain and China．They are particularly concerned about whether gene editing should be used to make heritable changes to the human germ line，something Dr Baltimore described as a deep and troubling question．Like those of Asilomar，the conclusions of this meeting will not be binding．But the hope is that，again like Asilomar，a mixture of common sense and peer pressure will create a world in which scientists are trusted to regulate themselves，rather than having politicians and civil servants do it for them．The meeting is being held against a backdrop of rapid scientific advance．Since 2012 research into a new，easytouse editing tool called CRISPRCas9 has blossomed．This technique involves a piece of RNA (a chemical messenger，which can be used to recognise a target section of DNA) and an enzyme(酶) called a nuclease that can snip unwanted genes out and paste new ones in．
Public interest was aroused in April，when Chinese scientists announced they had edited genes in nonviable(无活力的) human embryos，and again in November when British researchers said they had successfully treated a oneyearold girl who had leukaemia(白血病)，using geneedited Tcells．Tcells are part of the immune system that attack，among other things，tumour cells．The researchers altered Tcells from a healthy donor to encourage them to recognise and kill the patient's cancer，to make them immune to her leukaemia drug，and to ensure they did not attack her healthy cells．
In another recent development，a firm called Edit as Medicine，which is based in Cambridge，Massachusetts，has said it hopes，in 2017，to start human clinical trials of CRISPRCas9 as a treatment for a rare genetic form of blindness known as Leber congenital amaurosis(伯氏先天性黑蒙)．Though other companies are already testing geneediting therapies，these employ older，clunkier forms of the technology that seem likely to have less commercial potential．Moreover，researchers at the Broad Institute，also in Cambridge，said this week that they had made changes to CRISPRCas9 which greatly reduce the rate of editing errors—one of the main obstacles to the technique's medical use．
On the subject of germline editing，Eric Lander，the Broad's head，told the meeting it would be useful only in rare cases and said it might be a good idea to “exercise caution” before making permanent changes to the gene pool．The need for caution is advice that might also be heeded by those pursuing work in animals other than people，and in plants—subjects not being covered by the summit．
1.Which of the following is TRUE about CRISPRCas9?
A．It has fewer side effects．
B．It can modify human gene．
C．It can protect immune system．
D．It has less commercial potential．
2.The underlined word “chinwag” in Paragraph 2 can be replaced by ________．
A．discussion
B．negotiation
C．argument
D．comparison
3.What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Dr．Baltimore started his research on modifying gene in 1975．
B．Scientists' opinions about the use of gene editing are consistent．
C．CRISPRCas9 has been applied to cure Leber congenital amaurosis．
D．More research should be made before the technology comes into wide use．
4.This passage is most probably a ________．
A．science fiction
B．scientific report
C．conference summary
D．commercial advertisement
B Want to add some hours to your day? Ok，you probably can't change the fabric of time．But a new study suggests that the way you feel about your goal can change your concept of time and that some simple strategies could make you feel less rushed．
In a series of experiments，Jordan Etkin，a professor of marketing at Duke，and her coauthors，Loannis Evangelidis and Jennifer Aaker，looked at what happens when people see their goals as conflicting with one another．In one，they asked some participants to list two of their goals that they felt were in conflict，and others simply to list two of their goals．Those who were forced to think about conflicting aims felt more time pressure than those who weren't．In another experiment，the researchers gave participants a similar prompt regarding goal conflict，but this time measured their anxiety levels as well as their attitudes toward time．They found that participants who thought about conflicting goals had more anxiety than those who didn't，and that this，in turn，led to feelings of being short on time．
“Stress and anxiety and time pressure are closely linked concepts，” D．Etkin explained．“When we feel more stress and anxiety in relation to our personal goals，that manifests(表现) as a sense of having less time．”
Technological advances that allow people to do lots of things at once may increase the feeling of goal conflict，she said．
“I think the easier it is for us to try to deal with a lot of these things at the same time，” she said，“the more opportunity there is for us to feel this conflict between our goals．”
She isn't the first to suggest that actual busyness isn't the only thing that can make us feel busy．At the Atlantic，Derek Thompson wrote that “as a country，we're working less than we did in the 1960s and 1980s．” He offered a number of possible reasons some Americans still feel so overworked，including “the fluidness(不固定性) of work and leisure．” As he put it:
“The idea that work begins and ends at the office is wrong．On the one hand，flexibility is nice．On the other，mixing work and leisure together creates an alwayson expectation that makes it hard for whitecollar workers to escape the shadow of work responsibilities．”
And Brigid Schulte writes in her 2014 book Overwhelmed: How to Work，Love，and Play When No One Has the Time that some researchers believe “time has no sharp edges．What often matters more than the activity we're doing at a moment in time，they have found，is how we feel about it．
Our_concept_of_time_is,_indeed,_our_reality．”
Fortunately，Dr．Etkin and her team did find ways of making us feel better about time—or，at least，of reducing the negative influence of goal conflict．When participants performed a breathing exercise that reduced their anxiety，the impact of such conflict on their perception of time was less pronounced．Reframing anxiety as excitement (by reading the phrase “I am excited！” aloud several times) had a similar effect．
Breathing and reframing may not solve everyone's time problems—Ms．Schulte writes that some Americans are indeed working more than they used to．She cites the work of the sociologists Michael Hout and Caroline Hanley，who have “found that working parents combined put in 13 more hours a week on the job in 2000 than they did in 1970．That's 676 hours of additionally paid work a year for a family．And that's on top all the unpaid hours spent caring for children and keeping the house together．” Sometimes，we may feel short on time because we actually are．However，Dr．Etkin believes her findings suggest we may “have the ability to influence our experience of time more than we think we do．”
“We're all going to have times in our lives when our goals seem to be in more conflict than others，” she said．But with techniques like the ones her team tested，“we really can help ourselves feel like we have more time．”
1.What makes people feel rushed today?
A．Goal conflict．
B．High pressure．
C．Too much expectation．
D．Lack of exercise．
2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Most people are having less work to do nowadays．
B．People under a lot of stress have a better sense of time．
C．Technological advances allow people to feel less stressed．
D．The flexibility of work increases whitecollar workers' pressure．
3.The underlined sentence “Our concept of time is，indeed，our reality．” means ________．
A．we should make full use of time
B．we value time more than the way we live
C．we can feel better about time if we want to
D．we don't have the time to enjoy life in reality
A
5 Secrets of Web Travel Sites
Booking a trip on an online travel site is convenient，but comes with its own set of problems．
1．They know who's on a Mac and who's on a PC and who's going to spend more．
Last year，US travel research company Orbitz tracked people's online activities to test out whether Mac users spend more on travel than PC users．On average，Mac users lay out US$2030 more per night on hotels and go for more stars，according to the Wall Street Journal．As a result，online travel sites show these users more expensive travel options first．To avoid inadvertently paying more，sort results by price．
2．Their software doesn't always hook up to the hotel's system．
A guaranteed reservation is almost impossible to come by anywhere—but the risk of your flight or hotel being overbooked increases with thirdparty providers．The middleman's software isn't immune to system errors，so always call the hotel or airline to make sure your booking was processed．
3．Don't be fooled by packages: Often，they're lowend items grouped together．
Ever notice how travel sites recommend a hotel，a rental car，and tour package all in one click? These deals usually feature travel that no one wants，like flights with multiple layovers．Check the fine print．
4．You could miss out on loyalty points．
Thirdparty providers can get between you and frequent flyer miles or points．Many hotel loyalty programmes don't recognise external sites，others award only minimum points and exclude special offers，like double points on hotel stays．
5．Once your trip is purchased，you're on your own．
An online travel agency can't provide assistance the same way an agent can if a flight is cancelled or a room is substandard．Basically，when you arrive at the airport or hotel，you're just another client who booked at the lowest rate．
1.Which of the following is TRUE?
A．Thirdparty providers can ensure your reservation．
B．Mac users are likely to spend more money than PC users．
C．An online travel agency functions the same as an agent．
D．Packages usually provide travelers with satisfactory programmes．
2.What's the purpose of the passage?
A．To encourage readers to book a trip on an online travel site．
B．To make an advertisement about several travel sites online．
C．To convince readers not to book a trip on an online travel site．
D．To warn readers of some problems with booking trips online．
完形填空
请认真阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Human growth is a process of experimentation，trial，and error eventually leading to wisdom．Each time you choose to trust yourself and take action，you can never quite be certain how the situation will ____．
Sometimes you are victorious，and sometimes you become disappointed．The ____ experiments，however，are no less valuable than the experiments that finally prove successful; in fact，you ____ learn more from your “failures” than you do from your ____．If you have made what you think to be a mistake or failed to live up to your own ____， you will most likely put up a barrier between your essence and the part of you that is the alleged (声称的) wrongdoer．
However，viewing past actions as ____ implies guilt and blame，and it is not possible to learn anything meaning while you are engaged in blaming．___， forgiveness is required when you are severely judging yourself．Forgiveness is the act of erasing an ___ debt．There are four kinds of forgiveness．
The first is beginner forgiveness for yourself．
The second of forgiveness is beginner forgiveness for another．
The third kind of forgiveness is ____ forgiveness of yourself．This is for serious misbehaviors，the ones you carry with deep ____．When you do something that violates your own values and principles，you create a gap between your standards and your actual ____．
In such a case，you need to work very hard at ____ yourself for these deeds so that you can close this gap．This does not ____ that you should rush to forgive yourself or shouldn't feel regret，___ taking pleasure in these feelings for a prolonged period of time is not healthy．
The __ and perhaps most difficult one is the advanced forgiveness of another．
At some time of our life，you may have been severely wronged or hurt by another person to such a degree that forgiveness seems ____．
However，harboring anger and revenge fantasies only keeps you ____ in victimhood．Under such a circumstance，you should force yourself to see the bigger picture．By so doing，you will be able to ____ the focus away from the anger and resentment．
It is only through forgiveness that you can erase wrongdoing and ____ the memory．When you can release the situation，you may come to see it as a necessary part of your growth．
1.A．turn out B．turn up C．break up D．break out
2.A．important B．engaged C．failed D．successful
3.A．obviously B．necessarily C．continuously D．usually
4.A．success B．failure C．fault D．benefit
5.A．ability B．expectations C．belief D．experiences
6.A．mistakes B．victories C．experiments D．fantasies
7.A．Still B．Therefore C．Instead D．However
8.A．absurd B．original C．emotional D．unusual
9.A．ordinary B．advanced C．alternative D．certain
10.A．wisdom B．mercy C．injury D．shame
11.A．thought B．approach C．behavior D．purpose
12.A．punishing B．forgiving C．blaming D．praising
13.A．mean B．prove C．reflect D．represent
14.A．and B．or C．but D．so
15.A．uncertain B．premier C．next D．last
16.A．essential B．valuable C．impossible D．unavoidable
17.A．trapped B．located C．lost D．occupied
18.A．drive B．drag C．put D．shift
19.A．keep B．refresh C．weaken D．clean
20.A．naturally B．finally C．definitely D．initially
