“Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday?” Lindsey whispers to Tori.
With her eyes shining, Tori brags, “You bet I did. Sean told me two days ago.”
What are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happens to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip（闲话）. I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.
An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic—breakups, troubles at home, even dropping out—that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicer the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, bur cruel lies can cause pain.
If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group”. In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority（优越感）.
Gossip can also have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.
The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have.
1.An important negative effect of gossip is that it ________.
A. breaks up relationships
B. embarrasses the listener
C. spreads information around
D. causes unpleasant experiences
2.In the author’s opinion, many people like to gossip because it ________.
A. gives them a feeling of pleasure
B. helps them to make more friends
C. makes them better at telling stories
D. enables them to meet important people
3.Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can ________.
A. provide students with written rules
B. help people watch their own behaviours
C. force schools to improve student handbooks
D. attract the police’s attention to group behaviours
4.What advice does the author give in the passage?
A. Never become a gossiper.
B. Stay away from gossipers.
C. Don’t let gossip turn into lies.
D. Think twice before you gossip.
Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.
“The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media”, says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. “They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”
Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication—e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative, but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e-mailed” list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.
Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused（激发） one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.”
1.What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?
A. News reports.
B. Research papers.
C. Private e-mails.
D. Daily conversations.
2.What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?
A. They are socially inactive.
B. They are good at telling stories.
C. They are inconsiderate of others.
D. They are careful with their words.
3.Which tended to be most e-mailed according to Dr. Berger’s research?
A. Sports news.B. Science articles.
C. Personal accounts.D. Financial reviews.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide
B. Online News Attracts More people
C. Reading Habits Change with the Times
D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks
Ever walked to the shops only to find, once there, you’ve completely forgotten what you went for? Or struggled to remember the name of an old friend? For years we’ve accepted that a forgetful brain is as much a part of aging as wrinkles and grey hair. But now a new book suggests that we’ve got it all wrong.
According to The Secret Life of the Grown-Up Brain, by science writer Barbara Strauch, when it comes to the important things, our brains actually get better with age. In fact, she argues that some studies have found that our brain hits its peak between our 40s and 60s—much later than previously thought.
Furthermore, rather than losing many brain cells as we age, we keep them, and even produce new ones well into middle age. For years, it’s been assumed that brain, much like the body, declines with age. But the longest, largest study into what happens to people as they age suggests otherwise.
This continuing research has followed 6,000 people since 1956, testing them every seven years. It has found that on average, participants performed better on cognitive（认知的）tests in their 40s and 50s than they had done in their 20s. Specifically, older people did better on tests of vocabulary, verbal memory (how many words they can remember) and problem solving. Where they performed less well was number ability and perceptual speed—how fast they can push a button when ordered. However, with more complex tasks such as problem-solving and language, we are at our best at middle age and beyond. In short, researchers are now coming up with scientific proof that we do get wiser with age.
Neuroscientists are also finding that we are happier with age. A recent US study found older people were much better at controlling and balancing their emotions. It is thought that when we are younger we need to focus more on the negative aspects of life in order to learn about the possible dangers in the world, but as we get older we’ve learned our lessons and are aware that we have less time left in life; therefore, it becomes more important for us to be happy.
1.Barbara Strauch probably agrees that ________.
A. the young are better at handling important things
B. people’s brains work best between their 40s and 60s
C. aging leads to the decline of the function of the brain
D. wrinkles and grey hair are the only symbols of aging
2.The continuing research has found older people perform better on ________.
A. perceptual speedB. number ability
C. vocabulary testsD. body balance
3.People are happier with aging because ________.
A. they learn to value the time left
B. they know how to share feelings
C. they cannot focus on negative aspects
D. they do not realize the possible dangers
4.What is the main idea of the passage?
A. People get happier with age.
B. People get wiser with age.
C. People get more forgetful with age.
D. People get more self-aware with age.
假定你是小林，你的朋友李华马上要参加高考了，因此他很紧张，晚上经常睡不着觉。现在，请你给他发一封邮件，教他如何克服压力（get over pressure），内容包括：
1.对李华表示安慰和鼓励；
2.介绍消除压力的方法；
3.提一些生活和学习方面的建议；
4.提出希望。
注意：不得写出真实班级和姓名；可以适当增加情节，使行文连贯；词数100左右，给出的开头和结尾不计入总词数。
Dear Li Hua,
I am sorry to learn that _____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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Best wishes,
Yours,
Xiao Lin
短文中共有10处错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。请按照下列格式修改：
增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：每处错误及其修改均仅限一词； 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
I was playing at my cousin house. Since his family was rich than mine, he had more toys than I did. There was one on particular I’d always wanted. I put into my pocket when he wasn’t looking. I guessed, even at that age, I would never be able to enjoy to playing with the toy or faced my cousin again; I would always know I’d done something wrong. Late on, my aunt drove me home. When she dropped me off, I pulled out the toy slow and gave it back. She knows what had happened, but she thanked me and ever mentioned it again.
I am fond __1._my sister but she has one serious shortcoming. She can be really stubborn. I still remember what happened last month. Although she didn’t know _2.__ best way of getting to some places, she insisted on _3.__(organize) a trip. I kept asking her when we were leaving, _4.__ we were coming back, and whether she had looked at a map. To my questions, she gave no answer. Instead, she gave me a _5._(determine) look—which said she would not change __6.__mind. When I told her that our journey would begin at an altitude of more than 5,000 __7.__(meter), she seemed to be excited. When I told her the air would be hard __8._(breathe) and it would be very cold, she said it would be a __9._(delight) experience. I know my sister __10.__(good) than anyone else. Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it.
