Some pigs lend to be optimistic while others have a more pessimistic view, according to a new research that is meaningful to animal welfare. The study, published in the journal Biology Letters, is the first to show that mood and personality interact in an animal, influencing judgment.
Asher, a researcher at the University of Newcastle's Institute of Neurowcience, and her team housed groups of pigs in the two types of environments. One reflected sandard commercial conditions and the other was cushier with more space and plenty of sell, deep straw. After the pigs got accustomed to these new homes over a few weeks, the rescarchers picked 18 pigs from each type of housing arrangement to train and test their judgment.
"To do this, we trained each pig that in one corner of a training room there would be a bowl with chocolate sweets — specifically M&Ms, pigs love M&Ms — and in a bowl at the opposite side of the room there would be a bowl that would contain coffee beans, which pigs find bitter-tasting," senior author Lisa Collins of the University of Lincoln's School of Life Sciences said.
Over a number of training trials, pigs learned to go to the bowl reliably when it was in the corner where they had figured out to expect M&Ms. On the contrary, they quickly learned to avoid the bowl when it wasn't in the corner where they would expect to find the coffee beans.
The rescearchers next placed an unfamimliar bowl in different locations, to see how the pigs would react. Some gaily dashed to the bowl no matter what, exhibiting optimism that it would contain their favorite foods. Others, however, behaved as though they expected it to contain coffee beans, displaying pessimism.
The findings suggest that a one-size-fits-all answer to animal welfare issues does not exist. Even if pigs are just equal to bacon or other meal for some people, there is still cause for concern. Students have suggested that how an animal is treated during its lifetime can directly affect meal quality and taste.
1.What was the study devoted to figuring out?
A. The influence of pigs' living environment.
B. The influence between humans and pigs.
C. The didferences of two types of pigs' personality.
D. The relationship between pigs' mood and judgment.
2.What does the underlined word “cushier” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. simple. B. more comfortable.
C. non-profitable. D. less free.
3.Which bowl can test whether a pig is optimistic or pessimistic?
A. The bowl with chocolate sweets.
B. The bowl containing coffee beans.
C. The bowl full of both sweets and beans.
D. The bowl unfamiliar to two types of pigs.
4.What do the findings of the new research imply?
A. People should treat pigs equally.
B. People's health relies on meat quality.
C. People should meet pigs' various needs.
D. People's attitude toward pigs is totally wrong.
Ahmad is the founder of Copia, which she describes as "match com meets Uber for food recovery." Conipanies use the Copia app to report when they have leftover food，what kind， and how much. When recipients (受助者) such as shelters, soup kitchens, and agencies first register with Cupia, they indicate how many people they need to feed，on what days , and what kind of food they'll take. Cupia makes a profit from the fees that companies pay to remove leftever food；the companies receive a tax write-off for their food donations.
How did Ahmad create Copia? As a senior at UC Berkeley, the found nearly 50 million Americans are at risk of going hungry every day, while more than 133 billion pounds of eatable food are deserted each year.
Ahmad started a student group that recovered food from the campus and distributed it to local nonprofits.
As rewarding as this was, the inefficiencies (低效) bothered her. One day, she got a call from the dining hall manager, who had 500 sandwiches left over from an event. She rented a car, loaded it with the food, and called non-profits. She found takers for only 25 sandwiches and ended up giving out the rest to a nearby park.
“I remember thinking how cool it would be if people who had food could say, ‘Hey, we have stuff,’ and people who needed it could speak up, and then we could connect the two.”
After she graduated, Ahmad launched Copia carlier this year, it operates in 40 cities in Northern California and has served over 700,000 people. Its biggest success—and challenge—10 date was this past Super Bowl：Copia recovered more than 14 tons of food, which fed more than 23,000 people.
Despite her busy schedule, Ahmad tries to do a food pickup a week. "When you get to the shelter," she says, "If you wouldn't have eaten." And that's when I'm like, ‘This is why I do what I do.’
1.Who will benefit from Copia app?
A. Hungry people living in Copia.
B. Registered companies donating food.
C. Charity organizations serving the poor.
D. Food recovery companies removing food.
2.What made Ahmad create the app?
A. She wants to make money.
B. Her group's work is rewarding.
C. Her group's work doesn't go well.
D. Too many people go hungry while much food is wasted.
3.What is Ahmad really proud of?
A. She founds Copia and makes a profit.
B. She connects the companies, and recipients.
C. She helps hungry people go through hard time.
D. She enjoys the biggest suecess—the Super Bowl.
4.What's a Copia's operating model?
A. Consumer to consumer.
B. Production to consumer.
C. Business to consumer.
D. Business to business.
Don't have plenty of time for reading? If you are interested in non-fiction books, here are good choices for you.
A Room of One's Own
This essay by English writer Virginia Woolf is based on several lectures given to two woman's colleges at Cambridge University to 1928. In it, Woolf describes that it's circumstance not talent that allows men to be more successful at writing. Women, in other word, spend so much time cooking, cleaning, and tending to their children that they have no time left for art. To write well, therefore, a woman must have a "room of her own".
The Art of War
Written by Chinese warrior SunZi in the 5th century BC, The Art of War widely considered to be one of the best books about military strategy in human history. Containing of 13 chapters, each detailing a separate aspect of warfare, the book has been translated into every major language and has thousands of editions. For centuries, it has been cited (引用) and praised by world leaders both for its detailed study of military strategy (军事策略） and its phibsophical (哲学的）examination of strong, effective leadership.
Letter to My Daughter
This 2009 book of essays and poems by Maya Angelou，a respectable American poet, is written for the daughter never had—the millions of women, both young and old，that she considers to be her "family." From the viewpoint of a caring, older relative, this book contains lessons selected from her own life experiences, including the birth of her only child，a son，as well as the formation and loss of friendships,
A Brief History of Time
If you' re short on time，then why not read about，well，the creation of time? This 1998 from brilliant scientist and mathematician Stephen Hawking explores mind-bending question s about the creation of the universe, including if and when it will end，and if so, how? Despite heavy subject matter, Hawkimg addresses these questions in a way that's easy to understand, even for those who know little about physics.
1.What can we learns about the contents of the books?
A. A Room of One's Own talks about more than writing,
B. The Art of War also gives definition of philosophy.
C. Letter to My Daughter is actually a common family letter.
D. A Brief History of Time mainly focuses on the mailer of time.
2.What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Woolf looks down, upon men in writing.
B. The book by SunZi is helpful in policy-making.
C. Mgya devotes herself to fighting for women's rights.
D. As a physicist, Hawking is equally famous in writing.
3.What is the purpose of the pasaage?
A. To promote of the four books.
B. To make comments on the four books,
C. To recommend the four books to readers.
D. To make comparisons between the four books.
假如你是李华。你将要参加本周六主题为An unforgettable Experience in High School 的英语演讲比赛。你写了一篇演讲稿，请外教Jason给予指导。请根据以下要点，给他写一封邮件。
1.说明情况；
2.指导内容（词汇，语法，结构等）；
3.回复时间；
4.表达感激。
注意：
1.词数100左右；
2.信的格式已给出，不计入总词数；
3.适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Jason,
__________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
______
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
假定英语课课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词。
2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Dear students, good news for you! A blog will be opening on the website of our school, that aims to help students to communicate better and improve your English. The blog serves as open platform where you an do lots of things. Firstly, you can share with efficient learning experience to promote your English study. Secondly, if you had any questions, welcome to post them. And you will possible find proper solutions with the help of our schoolmates. In addition, attracting by interesting topics, you are free to get involved in the weekly discussion.
Surely the blog will be very benefit to your English study. And every one of you are encouraged to visit it.
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
I was in the ninth year when I began to suffer from depression. My parents noticed but felt that since I’d always been 1. good child, this was temporary.
__2.__(fortunate), it was not to be so. I didn't have friends. Hardly could I share my problems. Deep worry began to destroy my __3.__(confident). Finally I refused to attend classes, __4.__(shut) myself in my room for hours.
The examination was approaching, but I simply didn't care.? My parents and teachers were surprised 5. my bad performance. One morning, __6.__a particularly severe lecture from my father, I stood at the school gate, __7.__ (depress).Then as the other students marched to their classrooms, our headmaster called me. The next forty－five minutes was one of the most precious moments in my life. She said she _8.__(notice) a big change in me and wondered why. At first she took my hands in _9.__(she) and listened patiently as I mentioned my worries. Then she hugged me as I wept. Months of frustration and loneliness disappeared in her motherly hug.
No one had tried to understand what the real problem was except the headmaster, __10._ helped me out simply by listening and hugging.
