Traditionally, it has been the worker's role to work and management's role to manage.
Managers have planned and directed the finds operations with little thought of consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt forced to obtain the worker's opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most, companies have provided "suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor—they have a vital stake (利害关系) in the company and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions affect workers and their dependants. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers, then, play a stronger role in management?
Workers should have a role in management. At the very least, the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions. A common complaint among ordinary workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions. Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs (失业) , often with no warning. At least 90 days' notice ought to he given in such circumstances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers before closing a plant, because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions (妥协) that will help keep the plant operating.
It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial decision making. There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm's board of directors or other major policy-making groups. If ordinary workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvements, their spirits will rise, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive (激励), they must be given a share in the company's profits. This can be done through employee stock ownership plans (员工持股计划), bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.
1.What can we learn about managers from Paragraph l?
A. They were not quite qualified.
B. They disliked "suggestion boxes".
C. They never consulted the labor force.
D. They seldom obtained workers' opinions.
2.In recent years, many management specialists have been arguing that workers ________.
A. are not sellers of the products any longer
B. should have a say in management of the company
C. are less affected by company decisions than before
D. are able to make the final decisions for the company
3.According to the passage, what happened between 1980 and 1985?
A. Workers did not make necessary concessions.
B. Many companies were closed because of strikes.
C. Managers consulted workers before closing a plant.
D. About 5 million workers were laid off without advance notice.
4.If they are not given a voice in managerial decision making, workers ________.
A. cannot get a share in the company's profits
B. will not have the opportunity to purchase the plant
C. may lack the incentive to increase their productivity
D. can still get bonuses for efficiency and productivity
Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient institution which has existed for at least six thousand years. It was always bad and usually foolish, but in the past the human race managed to live with it. Modern creativity has changed this. Either man will abolish war, or war will abolish man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger, but bacteriological (使用细菌的) or chemical weapons, may soon offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international problems in a new way, not by contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is the most skillful in killing people, but by arbitration (仲裁) according to agreed principles of law. It is not easy to change very old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.
There are those who say that the adoption of this or that thought would prevent war. I believe this to be a big error. All thoughts are based on statements which are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their followers believe in them that they are willing to go to war in support them.
The movement of world opinion during the past few years has changed very largely such as we can welcome. It is believed that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the world, but the attitude towards them is a better one than it was several years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die, that people should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflict nowadays is not between different countries, but between man and the atom bomb.
1.It is implied in the first paragraph that war now is ________.
A. as bad as in the past B. as necessary as in the past
C. worse than in the past D. not so dangerous as in the past
2.The underlined word "this" in Paragraph l probably refers to "________".
A. improving weapons B. abolishing war
C. solving international problems D. living a peaceful life
3.From Paragraph 2, we learn that the author ________.
A. is a supporter of some modem thoughts
B. has no doubt about the truth of any thought
C. believes the adoption of some thoughts could prevent war
D. does not think the adoption of any thought could stop war
4.What can be inferred about war according to the author?
A. It must be abolished if man wants to survive.
B. It is the only way to solve international problems.
C. It is impossible for the people to live without war.
D. It will be less dangerous because of the improvement of weapons.
Maybe no one forgets their first bike and there is no exception to a woman like me. Mine was a Schwinn coaster bike, second-hand, painted red and yellow by its previous owner. I remember riding too fast down the big hill on Springfield Avenue. I knew at once that the world was mine to explore.
A couple of years later, when I was 11, my grandmother visited from England, bringing me a bike. It was a dark green one, with three gears (齿轮) and hand brakes. As the owner of the first English bike my friends had ever seen, I was almost famous.
Unlike my coaster bike, it was light—riding it felt like flying. I rode past big stone houses with their huge yards and trees. I rode past brick row houses. I rode alone and with groups of friends.
That beloved bike went with me to college, carrying me to the library and to classes. Beyond transport, it was often a prop (道具): Pushing it along as I walked the college paths made me feel less self-conscious. Somehow, conversation flowed more easily on either side of a bike.
After college, I lived abroad for a while. Returning from London, I discovered to my horror that my parents had sold my bike.
For years after that, I didn't have a bike that was really mine. Teaching in a New England prep school (学校), I simply rode whatever bikes its graduates had left behind. I rode around the little town on bikes with gears and brakes that often failed. I did not take any of those bikes with me when I moved south to the coastal town where I now live. But after a while I missed riding.
Finally, on a fall day, I bought a bike. Called a comfort bike, it has wider tires than my old bike and seven gears. But it is green—a brighter green bike.
Still, I was a bit worried; I was a lot older. I brought the bike home and put on my helmet—I'd never worn a helmet before. Then I got on the bike. After a difficult start, I felt exactly as I was on that long-ago day on Springfield Avenue: free. Soon I was riding along, watching the waves break. It seemed that everyone I passed smiled. And I knew they all remembered their first bike and how it had set them free. I wanted to call back to them, "It still can!"
1.According to the article, the author's beloved bike ________.
A. was a red and yellow coaster bike
B. made her the envy of all her friends
C. was her birthday gift from her grandmother
D. made her shy and awkward at times at college
2.When she was teaching at a prep school, the author ________.
A. didn't like her once-beloved bike
B. got out of the habit of riding bikes
C. loved exploring the little town by riding around
D. rode bikes that had been recommended to her by graduates
3.What happened to the author after she moved to the coastal town?
A. She bought another coaster like her old one.
B. She found that she was too old to ride a bike.
C. She challenged herself to ride a more demanding bike.
D. She regained the feeling that her first bike had given her.
4.What was the author's main purpose in writing this article?
A. To describe the different bikes she has been riding alone.
B. To recall the joy and freedom she has enjoyed thanks to riding.
C. To inform us of the fun and benefits of riding bikes with others.
D. To tell us about how she grew up through her riding experiences.
Andy lived high in the Rocky Mountains. He hunted wild animals there and he also took other men to hunt, which was his work.
One day a letter brought Andy a new job. This job changed both his feeling about animals and his way of hunting. The letter said, “I want to write a story about bighorn sheep（大角羊）． I need pictures to go with my story. Will you get pictures of the sheep for me?"
Andy's two sons wanted their father to take the job. "We will help you!” they said. Bighorn sheep are very wild. Andy knew it would be hard to get their pictures. “But why not try?" they said.
For days, Andy and his sons tried to get their pictures, They did not want the sheep to hear them or see them, so they walked softly. They hid behind rocks, but the sheep always ran away.
Then one day, Andy and his sons walked around a big rock. They met some sheep face to face, but they didn't run. "Now I know why the sheep run away," Andy said. "They run because we come up behind them. From now on, we will stay where they can see us."
The next day; Andy saw some sheep right out in the open. He and his sons walked toward them. They did not try to hide, and they did walk slowly. They knew that any fast move would frighten them away．
"Don't look direct at the sheep," Andy said. "Wild animals do not like to be looked at. They will run away. " They looked off to this side and to that side, and they walked closer and closer. And soon they were close enough to get good clear pictures.
They made good friends with the wild sheep—and sent many fine pictures to the writer for his story. Since then, they have never hunted the bighorn sheep again.
1.What was the new job Andy got?
A. To hunt bighorn sheep.
B. To protect bighorn sheep.
C. To take pictures of bighorn sheep.
D. To write a story about bighorn sheep.
2.What is the right way to get close to bighorn sheep?
A. Looking directly at them.
B. Walking slowly to their faces.
C. Running to them from one side.
D. Following them from behind.
3.What did Andy gain from his new job?
A. He won respect from his children.
B. He was well paid by the story writer.
C. He knew better how to use a camera.
D. He learned more about bighorn sheep.
假如你是李华，目前正在一所外国语学校读高中。最近一段时间你对美国文化比较关注，尤其对美国的节日感兴趣。请你给你的美国网友Tom写一封电子邮件，询问关于感恩节的一些情况。内容要点如下：
1.介绍自己的近况；
2.询问关于感恩节的一些情况（起源、时间、庆祝方式等）；
3.表示感谢。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.开头语已为你写好。
Dear Tom,
Thanks for your e-mail last time.
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Yours,
Li Hua
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Last Saturday, Mum gave me two tickets for a film. Although she was too busy to go with me, she told me to sell the extra ticket if possibly. At the gate of the cinema I met a handsome young man who was offered to have them, but he had only an 100-yuan note. He asked me to wait a while for him change it in the cinema’s store. Without much thinking, I agreed. He walked so fast that I could hard keep up for him. Soon he disappeared. I stood there without knowing how to do. Suddenly I realized the handsome young fellow has cheated me. He had saved money, but lost his honor.
