People typically wash their hands seven times a day in the United States, but they do it at a far higher temperature than is necessary to kill germs, a new study says. The energy waste is equivalent to the fuel use of a small country.Amanda R. Carrico, a research assistant professor at the Vanderbilt Institute for Energy and Environment in Tennessee, told National Geographic that hand washing is often “a case where people act in ways that they think are in their best interest, but they in fact have inaccurate beliefs or outdated perceptions.”
Carrico said, “It’s certainly true that heat kills bacteria, but if you were going to use hot water to kill them it would have to be a way too hot for you to tolerate.”
Carrico said that after a review of the scientific literature, her team found “no evidence that using hot water that a person could stand would have any benefit in killing bacteria.” Even water as cold as 40°F (4.4°C) appeared to reduce bacteria as well as hotter water, if hands were scrubbed, rinsed(冲洗)and dried properly.
Using hot water to wash hands is therefore unnecessary, as well as wasteful, Carrico said, particularly when it comes to the environment. According to her research, people use warm or hot water 64 percent of the time when they wash their hands. Using that number, Carrico’s team calculated a significant impact on the planet.
“Although the choice of water temperature during a single hand wash may appear unimportant, when multiplied by the nearly 800 billion hand washes performed by Americans each year, this practice results in more than 6 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent emissions annually,” she said.
The researchers published their results in the July 2013 issue of International Journal of Consumer Studies. They recommended washing with water that is at a “comfortable” temperature, which they noted may be warmer in cold months and cooler in hot ones.
1.What’s the meaning of what Carrico told National Geographic in the second paragraph?
A. People are more concerned about their health and begin to wash their hands.
B. It’s important for people to wash their hands to keep healthy.
C. Generally, people’s hand washing behaviors and perceptions are not correct.
D. People like washing their hands very much.
2.The figures in the passage are used to show that __________.
A. using hot water to wash hands has a bad influence on our planet.
B. air pollution has become more and more serious.
C. using hot water to wash hands is a waste of energy.
D. people should pay more attention to the environment around us.
3.This passage is organized in the pattern of __________.
A. fact and opinion B. cause and effect
C. definition and classification D. time and events
4.What can we learn from the passage?
A. It’s necessary and useful for people to wash their hands frequently every day.
B. We can wash our hands with water that is at a “comfortable” temperature.
C. Using cold water to wash hands is necessary and much healthier.
D. Hot water can’t kill germs.
In my very first job with some archaeologists, I wasn’t digging objects out of the ground, instead I was employed as an artist, drawing what they found. However, I was soon more interested in the stories behind the objects than in drawing them and that’s how my career in archaeology started. I still draw what I find in my work as a specialist on the Silk Road, the old trade route running from Egypt to Mongolia, and I also work on some underwater projects too.
In archaeology, my all-time hero is an American called Raphael Pumpelly. I first heard about him when I was a student on a trip to Turkmenistan, a country right in the heart of Asia. To get around the country, I had to learn Russian so that I could speak to the local people. When I got there I thought, “Wow! I’m one of the first Americans here!” Then an old man told me about an American archaeologist, Raphael Pumpelly, who was there doing the same thing over 100 years ago.
Archaeology’s in my family. My wife’s in the same profession, and, although our two boys aren’t interested in the future in archaeology themselves, we’ve been on some great digs together and they love what we do because they get to travel with us. Last summer, we took them to Lake Titicaca in South America, in the high areas of the Andes mountain range. My best experience was when I was digging on the Egyptian Red Sea coast. There’s very little rain and it’s so dry that everything is kept as it was. In an old house, where the owner used to store goods from the ships that came in, I picked up a 700-year-old mat in front of the house and there, under it, after all that time, was the house key with the owner’s name carved on it. It felt like he could be on his way home any minute! And I thought, “Hey, I do just that. This man’s not much different to me!”
1.While working in Egypt, what did the writer find so interesting?
A. That people from different centuries can be so similar.
B. The fact that the doormat was in such good condition.
C. The way the people managed to live in such a dry place.
D. That there had been so much trade in that area.
2.Which entry will the writer probably make in his diary?
A. Turkmenistan is interesting. I’m the first American to come here but I’m glad this is my last trip away.
B. I have been diving today and found some objects for an exhibition. I’ve just finished drawing them for my records.
C. I wish my children weren’t more interested in archaeology and would not work hard in the open like their parents.
D. It’s nearly dark but Raphael’s still busy digging in that old house. He can be very annoying. He thinks he’s the most important person here.
3.What is the writer’s main purpose in writing the text?
A. To describe the life of an archaeologist he admires.
B. To persuade people to take up archaeology as a career.
C. To explain what he enjoys about being an archaeologist.
D. To show how archaeologists work.
假定你是李华。端午节即将到来，请你写一封信邀请加拿大留学生Peter来你家过端午节。信的主要内容包括：
1. 表达你诚挚的邀请；
2. 对端午节做简单介绍；
3. 介绍你家乡的庆祝活动。
注意：1. 词数100左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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最定英需课上老师要求同果之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处游管情误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加，在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
The summer vacation is coming soon. I was very happy because I can forget about my school at most for a while. I have made a plan which I should spend it meaningfully. First, I think you should go over all those lesson my teachers taught me in the last term. So, I could have better understanding of it. Then, I think I should take up some forms of exercise, such as walking, run and surfing, to keep me physical strong. In order not to live up to what I have planned, I should make the best of my vacation time.
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
About the year 1898, a small, dark-haired hot boy named Charlie Chaplin was often seen 1.(wait) outside the back entrance of London Theatre. He looked thin and hungry. He was hoping to get work in show business. He could sing and dance. Above all, he knew how 2.(make) people laugh. But he couldn’t get work and so he 3.(wander) about the city streets. Sometimes he 4.(send) away to a home for children who had no parents.
But twenty years later this name Chaplin became the 5.(great), best-known, and best-loved comedian in the world. Any visitor to the cinema must have seen some of Chaplin’s films. People everywhere have sat and laughed at them until the 6.(tear) ran down their faces. Even people who don’t understand English can enjoy Chaplin’s films though most of them are 7.(silence). It isn’t 8. he says that makes us laugh. His comedy doesn’t depend upon words and languages. It depends upon little actions which mean 9. same thing to people all over the world. It’s a kind of world language.
Chaplin lived most of his life in America and died in Switzerland on Christmas Day, 1977, at the age of eighty-eight. The world was shocked 10. the news of the death and lost in sadness.
So few adults ever have the chance to really get to know their grandparents. I have been so _________ to know you into my 30s and to have _________ such a close friendship with you in spite of the 65-year gap. So much of this is due to your _________ and wisdom. I never shared the _________ that I would hear from others about having to put up with uncomfortable _________ with their elderly relatives. You and I would sit and talk for hours, simply enjoying each other’s being together, and I loved the weekends that I _________ visiting you.
Our relationship became really _________ when I was a little older and the two of us began to spend time alone together. After that, I left you to go to school and began to wrote letters to you. Later, my sister and I stayed with you as teenagers a few times. You were always _________ to hear about what was going on in my life, especially when I lived abroad and was _________ things you never had, and to learn about life as experienced by my generation.
More recently, as I asked you more, you began to __________ stories about your past. You didn’t have a (n) __________ life, losing your father when you were very young, then dealing with the bad effects of granddad’s __________ war experience. But you still had a store of funny stories. I __________ enjoyed the one you shared with me about your friend. She always had a good supply of __________ during the war, and then would drag you along to church, __________ “whatever she’d been doing to earn those sock”.
I will __________ you as ones of the most optimistic, cheerful and strong-minded people I have ever __________. I know you are always watching me in the heaven. I miss you. When I am an old woman myself, I know I will think of you can __________ more fully what an excellent __________ you set. I will not let you down if I succeed in __________ it.
1.A. lucky B. lazy C. special D. peaceful
2.A. broken B. developed C. misunderstood D. expanded
3.A. width B. depth C. length D. warmth
4.A. idea B. doubt C. moment D. explanation
5.A. answers B. questions C. talks D. loss
6.A. enjoyed B. spent C. finished D. preferred
7.A. endless B. limited C. cold D. close
8.A. excited B. tired C. puzzled D. upset
9.A. copying B. experiencing C. confirming D. delivering
10.A. consult B. debate C. discuss D. share
11.A. funny B. easy C. challenging D. meaningful
12.A. comfortable B. believable C. painful D. familiar
13.A. particularly B. approximately C. slightly D. frequently
14.A. presents B. weapons C. socks D. reliefs
15.A. realizing B. forgiving C. wondering D. admitting
16.A. remember B. impress C. surround D. inspire
17.A. spied B. struggled C. known D. astonished
18.A. prove B. move C. appreciate D. stand
19.A. standard B. example C. goal D. deadline
20.A. considering B. continuing C. spotting D. following
