Question

Piaget’s  theory  of  cognitive(认知的) development  is  a  theory  about  the  nature  and development of human intelligence. It was first created by the Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980). The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually  come  to  acquire,  construct,  and  use  it . Piaget’s  theory  is  mainly  known  as  a developmental stage theory.

To  Piaget,  cognitive  development  was  a  progressive  reorganization  of  mental  processes resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience. He believed that children construct an understanding of the world around them, experience differences between what they already  know  and  what  they  discover  in  their  environment,  and  then  adjust  their  ideas accordingly. Besides, Piaget claimed that cognitive development is at the center of the human organism, and language is depending on knowledge and understanding acquired through cognitive development.

Piaget’s earlier work received the greatest attention. Child-centered classrooms and "open education" are direct applications of Piaget’s views. Despite its huge success, Piaget’s theory is not perfect and Piaget has recognized it himself: for example, the theory supports sharp stages rather than continuous development.

Piaget noted that reality is a dynamic system of continuous change. Reality is defined (给……下定义) in reference to the two conditions that define dynamic systems. Specifically, he argued that reality involves transformations and states. Transformations refer to all manner of changes that a thing or person can experience. States refer to the conditions or the appearances in which things or persons can be found between transformations. For example, there might be changes in shape or form , in size, or in placement or location in space and time. Thus, Piaget argued, if human intelligence is to be adaptive, it must have functions to represent both the transformational and the static aspects of reality.

1.What does the underlined "it" in the first paragraph refer to?

A. The theory.

B. Cognitive development.

C. The knowledge itself.

D. The development of human intelligence.

2.Piaget’s theory of cognitive development                   .

A. has some limitations

B. applied "open education"

C. wasn’t well received in the beginning

D. is about human nature and development

3.What are the two conditions of reality?

A. Space and time.

B. Transformations and states.

C. Changes in shape and form.

D. The conditions and the appearances.

4.Which can serve as the best title for this text?

A. Piaget’s contribution to a theory

B. The applications of Piaget’s theory

C. The development of Piaget’s theory

D. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Answer

1. C

2. A

3. B

4. D

【解析】

本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了Piaget的认知发展理论。

1.考查代词指代。代词所在句表示"这一理论涉及知识的本质以及人类是如何逐步习得、构建和运用知识的",故it指代的是知识,故选C项。

2.考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"Piaget’s theory is not perfect and Piaget has recognized it himself: for example, the theory supports sharp stages rather than continuous development"可知,他的这一理论不完美,所举的例子说明它有局限性，故选A。

3.考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"Reality is defined(给……下定义) in reference to the two conditions that define dynamic systems. Specifically, he argued that reality involves transformations and states"可知,two conditions指的是后面的transformations and states。故选B。

4.考查标题判断。本文第一二段主要介绍了什么是Piaget的认知发展理论,第三段主要介绍Piaget的认知发展理论应用及局限性，而最后一段主要介绍了皮亚杰对现实的解释，所以,D项最全面;其余三项都是片面的。