A stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small danger to herself. It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for pedestrians, bat she replied: “I，m going to walk where I like. We’ve got liberty now.” It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty allowed the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road, then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everybody would be getting in everybody else’s way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy(无政府主义).
There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket, and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the liberties of everybody must be curtailed(削减）.When the policeman, say, at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand, he is the symbol not of tyranny(专制），but of liberty. You may not think so. You may, being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this rude officer, feel that your liberty has been outraged. How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway? Then, if you are a reasonable person, you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be in chaos that you would never cross at all. You have to curtail your private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality.
Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a social contract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters which do not touch anybody else’s liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like. If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown who shall say me no? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I have liberty to be indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy for dyeing my hair, or wearing an overcoat and sandals, or going to bed late or getting up early, I shall follow my fancy and ask no man’s permission. I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth.
In all these and a thousand other details you and I please ourselves and ask no one’s leave. We have a whole kingdom in which we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we step out of that kingdom, our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people’s liberty. I might like to practice on the trumpet from midnight till three in the morning. If I went on to the top of Everest to do it, I could please myself, but if I do it in my bedroom my family will object, and if I do it out in the streets the neighbors will remind me that my liberty to blow the trumpet must not interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet. There are a lot of people in the world, and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties.
We are all likely to forget this, and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.
It is in the small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of the road, that we pass judgment upon ourselves, and declare that we are civilized or uncivilized. The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the little habits of commonplace intercourse that make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.
1.The author might regard his “rule of the road” as_________.
A. not walking in the middle of the road B. following the orders of policemen
C. behaving considerately in public D. doing what you like in private
2.By saying “the dear old lady”，the author thinks that the lady is _________.
A. ridiculous B. impolite
C. intolerable D. irresponsible
3.The underlined word “qualified” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to_________.
A. accepted B. prohibited
C. educated D. limited
4.The author believes that he may be as free as he likes_________.
A. when he stays in his own home B. if he doesn’t interrupt others’ liberty
C. if he doesn’t go against the law D. when no one pays attention to him
5.In the author’s opinion, _________is the best way to maintain social orders.
A. obeying the authorities B. correcting others’ improper acts
C. making personal sacrifices D. being thoughtful in small things
6.Which of the sentences best sums up the author’s main point?
A. “Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.” (paragraph 1)
B. “ There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk…” (paragraph 2)
C. “A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings…” (paragraph 5)
D. “ The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. ” (paragraph 6)
Since 2016, the U=U (Undetectable=Untransmittable) campaign, started by Bruce Richman, who was diagnosed with HIV in 2003, has teamed up with 570 other organizations in 71 countries to share the message: “In most of these countries people have been taught to fear HIV and people with HIV. Now we’re turning a corner.”
The impact of this and other prevention strategies and campaigns has begun to reduce new infection rates. As is reported, the number of new diagnoses in San Francisco has dropped by more than 50 per cent since 2006, in large part because of this “treatment as prevention” approach, also known as TasP.
But more work is needed, for example, on a vaccine. For some other viruses, vaccines work by mimicking(模仿)the biochemistry of people who seem to be naturally protected from infection. “For HIV, we don’t have a good naturally protective correlate to work with,” says Lundgren, an official in UNAIDS. Another difficulty is the lack of a good animal model for human HIV infections. Potential vaccines that show promise in monkeys infected with the similar simian immunodeficiency virus have not been successful in human clinical trials.
There are also hopes for an HIV cure, but this has been harder to come by than expected. The main problem with trying to cure HIV is that there is a hidden reservoir of the virus in the body. That is why the leading strategy in the hunt for a cure is the “kick and kill” approach. T his aims to kick HIV out of cells that act as a reservoir and then kill the virus.
While focusing on such scientific problems to make a cure a possibility in future, researchers at pharmaceutical company Gilead are also making progress when it comes to the potential for longer-acting treatments. At the moment, antiretroviral(抗逆$专录病毒的）drugs must be taken on a daily basis and this can prove difficult for some.
Winston Tse，a senior scientist at Gilead, is working on a treatment that looks to be particularly effective and could take the form of a long-acting injection. He and his colleagues have set their sights on a protein that surrounds and protects the HIV RNA genome which is essential to viral(病毒的）life including its ability to infect new cells. The team is developing compounds that interfere with this protein and so prevent the virus to reproduce.
It is this focus on prevention and treatment that makes the UNAIDS goal potentially achievable—removing AIDS as a public health risk by 2030. “I would love a cure, but I’m investing my time into the strategy of testing, treating and prevention, because I think that’s the way to end this disease,” says Richman.
1.What is the purpose of “U=U campaign”？
A. To call on more countries to fight HIV. B. To offer help to people with HIV.
C. To appeal to people to face HIV. D. To promote the TasP approach.
2.Researchers have difficulty in trying vaccines because .
A. many people are scared of HIV B. animal trials don’t work on humans
C. monkeys are infected with viruses D. there is a hidden reservoir in the body
3.What do we know about the “kick and kill” approach?
A. It is less effective than expected. B. It destroys the reservoir of the virus.
C. It kills the virus out of the cells. D. It belongs to the antiretroviral drugs.
4.What can we infer from the UNAIDS goal??
A. AIDS will become a public health risk by 2030.
B. A cure for AIDS is more important than prevention.
C. Doing more trials is the solution to stopping AIDS.
D. Researchers are confident in preventing AIDS in future.
Breeders(词养者）have long found that puppies become their cutest selves at the eight-week mark; any older, and some breeders offer a discount to arouse would-be owners’ weakened desire. Such preferences might seem arbitrary, even cruel. But recent research indicates that peak puppy cuteness serves important purposes—and might play a fundamental role in binding dog and owner together.
In a study published this spring, Wynne, the head of Arizona State University’s canine-science laboratory, and his colleagues sought to pin down, scientifically, the timeline of puppy cuteness. Their finding largely matched that of breeders: People consistently rated dogs most attractive when they were six to eight weeks old. This age, Wynne says, coincides with a crucial developmental milestone: Mother dogs stop nursing their young around the eighth week, after which pups rely on humans for survival. (Puppies without human caretakers face death rates of up to 95 percent in their first year of life.) Peak cuteness, then, is no accident--at exactly the moment when our involvement matters most, puppies become irresistible to us.
It doesn’t hurt that humans seem to be especially defenseless to cute things. Oxytocin, the so-called love hormone, has been found to rise in dogs and their owners after they look in each other’s eyes—setting off the same feedback loop(反馈回路）that exists between human mothers and their babies. In other words, the more dogs get us to look at them, the more tightly bonded to them we grow.
Born blind and basically deaf, puppies aren’t interactive in their first weeks of life, and Wynne notes that many people find animals in this stage alien and unappealing. A recent study focused on humans showed that, similar to six-week-old puppies, six-month-old babies are seen as significantly cuter than newborns. As the psychologists Gary Sherman and Jonathan Haidt have proposed, the delayed appearance of cuteness in human babies can also bring about a flood of social interactions, such as petting, playing, and baby-talking. These acts are developmentally crucial to puppies as well, but they can’t be carried out very effectively with the extremely young. And so “one is not born cute,” Sherman and Haidt conclude. “One becomes cute.”
1.What did Wynne find in his study?
A. Human care reduces puppies’ death rate compared with mother dogs’ nursing.
B. Mother dogs refuse to raise puppies as humans offer to help with the nursing.
C. Puppies1 attractiveness reaches its peak between six and eight weeks after birth.
D. Puppies present their cuteness to us because we participate in their survival.
2.The bond between dogs and humans builds up when .
A. oxytocin increases in both dogs and their owners
B. dogs give us more looks than we do to them
C. humans are able to feel dogs’ cuteness at first sight
D. dogs and humans receive negative responses
3.The conclusion “One becomes cute.” implies that .
A. newly born babies or puppies seldom show cuteness
B. cuteness serves for puppies’ survival and growth
C. even blind puppies can become cute through practice
D. it is a challenge for cuteness to be passed down
CIRCLE ROLLS By Barbara Kanninen. Illustrated by Serge Bloch.
In this delightful sneak-lesson in geometry, physics, and helping your friends when they’re in a jam，some colorful shapes have a bang-up time when Circle starts rolling.
32 pages. Phaidon. $16.95. Ages 3 to 5.
A HOUSE THAT ONCE WAS By Julie Fogliano. Illustrated by Lane Smith.
Two kids walking in the woods find an abandoned house. Who lived there? What happened? Accompanied by Lane’s art that suggests layers of history, Fogliano’s story turns this childhood story into a brilliant poem about the mysteries of other people and the wonderfulness of home.
42 pages. Roaring Brook. $18.99. Ages 3 to 7.
FOREVER OR A DAY Written and illustrated by Sarah Jacoby.
In Jacoby’s first elegant performance, time is both a riddle and a poem: “Perhaps it is a ghost/ it can come and go/ and you never even notice it was there,” she writes. Her soft illustrations, in lovely sunrise, sunset and moonlight colors, capture both wide-open spaces and the enduring bonds of family love.
40 pages. Chronicle. $17.99. Ages 3 to 7.
JEROME BY HEART By Thomas Scotto. Illustrated by Olivier Tallec.
It’s rare to find a book about friendship between boys this heartfelt. His parents laugh at the intensity of it all, but Raphael wants to spend every minute with Jerome—his school-trip buddy, his defender against mean kids, the friend who always makes him laugh. Both the words and the sweet illustrations capture the spirit behind childhood bonds.
32 pages. Enchanted Lion. $16,95. Ages 4 to 8.
1.It can be seen that “Phaidon” might be the name of—
A. a writer B. a publisher
C. book D. a subject
2.Which of the books mentions school violence?
A. CIRCLE ROLLS B. A HOUSE THAT ONCE WAS
C. FOREVER OR A DAY D. JEROME BY HEART
On my daughter Norah’s fourth birthday, we stopped at the supermarket after school. Norah waved at a man a couple of steps away, “Hi, old person! It’s my birthday today!”__________I could ask the earth to___ me whole, he turned to us and his rigid expression ___as he replied, “Well, hello, little lady! And how old are you today?” They chatted and he told us to call him Dan. We were____other shoppers and we said sorry, but they didn’t care. There was____happening in the supermarket that day.
I posted the story and a photo on my Facebook later that night. Soon I received a message from a____reader who ___Mr. Dan. I asked for Mr. Dan’s phone number and called him a few days later. He had been____since his wife had gone. I was certain his heart was____by my little girl and that he needed that_______.
We visited Mr. Dan’s tidy house—_______of his wife still____displayed everywhere. He was patient and kind with my talkative, constantly moving girl. He____a child’s table, blank paper and crayons for Norah to draw some pictures for him to display on his refrigerator.
Norah asks about Mr. Dan every day. She wants him to feel___. Mr. Dan thinks about Norah, too. After another recent visit, he ___ that he hadn’t had an____night’s sleep since his wife died. He told me that he had slept____every night since meeting my girl. “Norah has___ me,” he said.
That left me____and my cheeks wet with tears.
He has been____into my family, and just as Norah said, we're going to love him all up.
1.A. When B. Before C. Once D. Although
2.A. swallow B. cover C. chew D. hide
3.A. strengthened B. weakened C. softened D. toughened
4.A. avoiding B. gathering C. inviting D. blocking
5.A. magic B. friction C. panic D. glory
6.A. practical B. local C. critical D. typical
7.A. recognized B. appreciated C. discovered D. admitted
8.A. merry B. annoyed C. stubborn D. lonely
9.A. shaken B. switched C. touched D. broken
10.A. caution B. connection C. unrest D. separation
11.A. decorations B. designs C. reminders D. materials
12.A. randomly B. proudly C. casually D. loosely
13.A. set out B. left out C. let out D. made out
14.A. moved B. protected C. loved D. respected
15.A. related B. swore C. yelled D. joked
16.A. impressive B. unbelievable C. incomparable D. uninterrupted
17.A. constantly B. soundly C. thoroughly D. quietly
18.A. controlled B. protected C. inspired D. healed
19.A. restless B. sleepless C. helpless D. speechless
20.A. classified B. equipped C. absorbed D. released
---Which movie do you think is better, Shadow or Project Gutenberg?
---________. Both have highlights and flaws.
A. It’s hard to say B. It all depends
C. You can't be serious D. I wouldn't mind that
