Question

Marmoset monkeys exist on a branch of the evolutionary tree that is distinct from the one that led to mans. But they constantly astonish researchers with ________ behavior that seems pretty highly evolved. Their social organization and ________ practices could have been the model for the phrase “It takes a village.” A dominant male and female breed, and their babies are carefully looked after by extended family members who then aren't free to breed themselves.

A new study further ________ the marmoset’s reputation for admirable community values. Researchers report that these caregivers share their food more generously with little ones ________ than when they’re surrounded by the watchful eyes of other community members. In complex societies where individuals band together for ______ protection, researchers have come up with a few widely accepted explanations for selfless behavior. But specific acts, like sharing a delicious cricket(蟋蟀) with a begging baby marmoset, seem to need more ______ explanation

One possibility is that an individual practices ______ as a means of enhancing his status among peers. By ______ that he is so well gifted with material goods that he can give some away, this do-gooder enhances his power within the group. That, in turn, may ______ prospective mates. The other explanation for charitable behavior ______ that kindnesses extended to others are simply the fees of group membership, which offers some future promise of a chance to mate. Failure to share would result in exclusion from the group and a loss of ______ partners. Scientists call this the “pay to stay” model. Importantly, for both of these models to work, acts of kindness must have a(n) ______. That suggests you would see more sharing in group settings; away from judging eyes, a caregiver might be more likely to keep food for himself or herself. And yet, in 2,581 tests conducted with 31 adult and 14 baby marmosets, the ______ appeared to be true

Anthropologists (人类学家) from the University of Zurich carefully documented how often, in groups and in conditions that found caregiver and baby separated from the crowd, an adult would share his or her cricket. When alone with a baby begging for a taste, adult marmosets shared their cricket 85% of the time. When in a group, caregivers offered up their cricket 67% of the time.” Our results show that helping in common marmosets is not driven by reputation management or ______ avoidance, “ the study authors reported Rather, it is driven by a deep-down motivation to help that is more ______ expressed when individuals are alone with young.”

1.A. animal    B. careful    C. social    D. individual

2.A. evolving    B. communicating    C. organizing    D. parenting

3.A. shines    B. damages    C. affects    D. protests

4.A. at play    B. in private    C. on schedule    D. by accident

5.A. adequate    B. effective    C. continual    D. mutual

6.A. creative    B. complex    C. specific    D. official

7.A. generosity    B. wisdom    C. independence    D. governance

8.A. promising    B. demonstrating    C. pretending    D. explaining

9.A. count on    B. go after    C. appeal to    D. benefit from

10.A. assumes    B. confirms    C. enhances    D. concludes

11.A. regular    B. dominant    C. potential    D. previous

12.A. atmosphere    B. audience    C. feedback    D. judge

13.A. statistics    B. expectation    C. argument    D. opposite

14.A. responsibility    B. punishment    C. arrangement    D. difficulty

15.A. strongly    B. causally    C. delicately    D. fearlessly

Answer

1. C

2. D

3. A

4. B

5. D

6. C

7. A

8. B

9. C

10. A

11. C

12. B

13. D

14. B

15. A

【解析】

本文为介绍说明文。文章介绍了科研人员对狨猴的研究发现。它们不断地以看似高度进化的行为让研究人员大吃一惊。

1.考查形容词辨析。A. animal动物的；B. careful仔细的；C. social社会的；D. individual个人的。句意：但它们不断地以高度进化的社会行为让研究人员大吃一惊。故C选项正确。

2.考查动词辨析。A. evolving进化,展开；B. communicating交流；C. organizing组织；D. parenting抚养。句意：他们的社会组织和为人父母的做法可以成为“一个村庄”的模式。故D选项正确。

3.考查动词辨析。A. shines照耀，显露；B. damages损坏；C. affects影响；D. protests抗议。句意：一项新的研究进一步彰显了狨猴令人钦佩的社会价值观。故A选项正确。

4.考查介词短语辨析。A. at play在起作用；B. in private私底下；C. on schedule按计划；D. by accident偶然。句意：研究人员报告说，这些看护人在私下里与孩子分享食物时，比在其他社区成员的注视下更慷慨。故B选项正确。

5.考查形容词辨析。A. adequate充足的；B. effective有效的；C. continual持续的；D. mutual共同的，相互的。句意：在复杂的社会中，人们为了相互保护而团结在一起，研究人员为无私的行为提出了一些被广泛接受的解释。故D选项正确。

6.考查形容词辨析。A. creative创新的；B. complex复杂的；C. specific特定的；D. official官方的。句意：具体的行为，比如与一只乞讨的小狨猴分享美味的蟋蟀，似乎需要更具体的解释。故C选项正确。

7.考查名词辨析。A. generosity慷慨，大方；B. wisdom智慧；C. independence独立；D. governance管理。句意：一种可能性是，一个人通过慷慨大方来提高自己在同龄人中的地位。故A选项正确。

8.考查动词辨析。A. promising许诺；B. demonstrating证明，展示；C. pretending假装；D. explaining解释。句意：通过展示他在物质方面的天赋，他可以分享一些东西，这可以增强他在团队中的力量。故B选项正确。

9.考查动词辨析。A. count on指望；B. go after追求；C. appeal to吸引；D. benefit from受益于。句意：这反过来可能会吸引未来的伴侣。故C选项正确。

10.考查动词辨析。A. assumes假定，设想；B. confirms证实；C. enhances提高；D. concludes总结。句意：对慈善行为的另一种解释设想是，对他人的善意只是团体成员的费用，这为未来提供了一些交配的机会。故A选项正确。

11.考查形容词辨析。A. regular常规的；B. dominant支配的；C. potential潜在的；D. previous先前的。句意：不分享会导致被排斥在群体之外，失去潜在的伙伴。故C选项正确。

12.考查名词辨析。A. atmosphere氛围；B. audience观众；C. feedback反馈；D. judge法官。句意：重要的是，要使这两种模式奏效，善举必须有观众。故B选项正确。

13.考查名词辨析。A. statistics统计；B. expectation期望；C. argument论点；D. opposite。句意：然而，在对31只成年狨猴和14只幼狨猴进行的2581项测试中，结果似乎正好相反。故D选项正确。

14.考查名词辨析。A. responsibility责任；B. punishment惩罚；C. arrangement安排；D. difficulty困难。句意：我们的研究结果表明，帮助普通狨猴并不是由声誉管理或逃避惩罚来驱动的。故B选项正确。

15.考查副词辨析。A. strongly强烈地；B. causally有原因地；C. delicately精致地；D. fearlessly勇敢地。句意：相反，它是由一种帮助他人的深层动机驱动的，这种动机在与年轻人独处时表现得更为强烈。故A选项正确。