Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a large building, but usually these buildings are not designed with the comfort of a king in mind. When it comes to structures that are both beautiful and defensive, the European castle is a big success.
Castles were originally built in England by the Normans in 1066. They built towers and walls to secure the land they had taken. These castles provided the Normans with a quiet and safe place. They also served as bases of operation for attacks. In this way castles served both defensive and offensive roles. Besides, castles served as offices for governors. Those that were socially beneath the governor would come to report affairs and express their respect. They would address problems, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities in castles. So castles served as social centers as well.
The first castles were made from earth and wood, and they were likely to suffer from attacks by fire. Then wooden castles were gradually replaced by stone, which greatly increased the strength of these towers and walls. However, attackers could throw flaming objects into castles through the windows or burn the wooden doors. This led to moving the windows and entrances off of the ground floor and up to the first floor to make them more difficult to access.
During the Middle Ages, attacks increased in regularity, so castle defenses were updated. Arrow-slits were added. They were small holes in the castle, which allowed defenders to fire without being hurt. Towers were built from which defenders could provide fire on both sides. The towers were connected to the castle by wooden bridges, so that if one tower fell, the rest of the castle was still easy to defend. A lot of rings of castle walls were constructed, so that even if attackers went past one wall, they would be caught on a killing ground between inner and outer walls. All of these increased the defense of castles.
The end of castles can be attributed to gunpowder. During the 15th century, artillery, a kind of large guns, became powerful enough to break through stone walls. This greatly made the role of castles less effective. Though castles no longer serve their original purposes, remaining castles receive millions of visitors each year who wish to experience the situations of ancient times.
1.What was the original function of castles according to the passage?
A. They served as tourist attractions.
B. They were important social centers.
C. They marked religious ceremonies.
D. They were built for use in emergencies.
2.The reason why wooden castles were replaced by stone castles was that .
A. stone castles cost less money
B. stone castles offered better defense
C. wooden castles were uncomfortable
D. wooden castles took a long time to build
3.Which of the following showed an improvement in castle defenses?
A. Castles were totally separated by stones.
B. Arrow-slits were made in large quantities.
C. Rings of walls were built to defend the towers.
D. Windows and entrances were moved to the higher floor.
4.What is the best title of the passage?
A. Fancy Living: Learning about Castles
B. Normans: Bringing Castles to England
C. A History of Castles: The Rise and Fall of Castles
D. Defending Castles: Technologies Used to Defend Castles
Many United States companies have made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980, the United States International Trade Commission(ITC) has received about 280 complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies(补贴) by foreign governments. Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped” their products in the United States at “less than fair value”. Even when no unfair practices are claimed, the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief(救济).
Contrary to the general impression, this request for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they develop a complicated web of marketing, production, and research relationships. The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect. Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States. If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since they would be subject to duties.
Perhaps the most shameful case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations(控诉) that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt, used to deice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate(联合企业) with United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations. The “United States” company claiming injury was a unit of a Dutch conglomerate, while the “Canadian” companies included a unit of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.
1.The passage is chiefly concerned with ________.
A. arguing against the increased internationalization of US corporations
B. recommending a uniform method for handling claims of unfair trade practices
C. warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequences
D. advocating the use of trade restrictions for “dumped” products but not for other imports
2.What can be inferred about the minimal basis for a complaint to the ITC?
A. A foreign competitor is selling products in the US at less than fair market value.
B. A foreign competitor has greatly increased the volume of products shipped to the US.
C. The company requesting import relief has been banned from exporting products.
D. The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the US.
3.Which of the following is most likely to be true of US trade laws?
A. They will eliminate the practice of “dumping” products in the US.
B. Those applied to international companies will help to gain more profits.
C. They will affect US trade with Canada more negatively than trade with other nations.
D. Those helping one unit within a parent company won’t necessarily help other units.
Sports can help us a lot. Taking exercises can make us strong. In collective(集体的) sports like basketball, volleyball or football, we will learn the importance of cooperation(合作). And sports can also help us relax after work or study.
However, as the saying goes, “there are two sides of everything.” Sometimes we may hurt other players or ourselves if we are not careful enough when participating(参加) in sports activities. What’s more, too much or hard practice can be bad for our health.
Sports can make us healthy both physically and psychologically(心理地). It is also a good way for people to know each other and can improve friendship between people. So long as we are careful enough, sports can do us nothing but good.
1. can make us strong.
A. Sleeping B. Singing
C. Making friends D. Taking exercise
2.Too much exercise can be for us.
A. good B. enough
C. bad D. helpful
3.Sports can .
A. help people to know each other B. improve friendship between people
C. do us nothing but good if we are careful D. All of the above
4.Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Sports can help us relax after work or study.
B. Sports can only make us healthy physically.
C. Sometimes we may hurt other players or ourselves when participating in sports activities.
D. Basketball and volleyball are both collective sports.
假如你是高一学生李华，你平时非常喜欢运动。请以My Favorite Sport 为题并根据以下提示写一篇英语短文。
1.你喜欢的运动；2. 你喜欢该运动的原因。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当发挥，以使行文连贯。
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假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。作文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号（∧），并在其下面写上该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写上修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从11处起）不计分。
Last weekend, we watched an excited basketball match in our school. It is between Grade 1 and Grade 2 students. During the match, the players from all teams played very hard. Grade 2 was stronger. However, to our surprised, Grade 1 won at last. The player jumped and hugged celebrate their success. Just then, the players from the other team that came near and said “Congratulations!” to them. They worn smiles on their faces and you couldn’t tell from their expressions that they lost the match. We were touching by the scene and felt what important a role sport plays in daily life.
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。将答案填写在答题卡的相应位置。
Many people consider old friends to be more important than new ones. 1.an old saying goes, “Friends are like wine, the older, the better.” If two pieces of advice 2. (give) to solve a problem, one from a new friend and the other from 3. old friend, people would prefer the latter one 4. the former one, even though the new friend’s advice may be better.
I, however, 5. (agree) with the old saying, believing that new friends are not necessarily worse than old friends. It is not always right 6. (determine) your friendship by the length(长度) of time.
Once you call someone a friend, he must be a person who is 7. (rely) and whose interests are in common with 8.(you). It is mainly his character (性格) and interests that make him your friend. It 9. (actual) has little to do with time. People’s appearance may change, but their character usually stays the same. Therefore, on this point, there is no 10. (different) between old friends and new friends.
