When Elinor Ostrom won the Nobel Prize for her research on economic governance in 2009, it was the first (and so far, the only) time a woman won a Nobel for Economics. That prize has ____ for nearly 50 years. We don’t do a great job of recognizing women’s contributions to science and innovation. My colleagues and I wondered: Is one of the reasons why women are more likely to ____ science than men because they don’t receive the same recognition?
To understand how ____ shapes women’s motivation to remain in science, we first had to get a good measure of the motivations. We sought to first study a highly visible ____, prizes, because large prizes tend to be understood and appreciated by the broader public, and they also influence those who make decisions about scientific ____ and other financial support.
Our study focused on prizes in the biomedical sciences. If we’re going to find ___ anywhere in science, it would be in this field. Women have entered biomedicine in equal numbers to men since the early 2000s. ____ this, of all Nobels awarded to women, a full two-thirds have been for biomedical research. Our ____ was simple: we documented all biomedical research prizes we could find over the past five decades. We also considered the financial awards and importance associated with the prizes, as indicators of their ____. Then we measured the percentage of prizes won by women and the association between gender and prize quality.
Our initial results highlighted overall____ news: the proportion of biomedical prizes awarded to women has risen steadily. But when we looked at the association between gender and quality of prizes awarded, we observed a major difference: on average, women scientists win prizes associated with less money and importance than men do. Importantly, our further research suggests that there’s no ____ that the quality or value of women-led research is any lower than that of men, as measured by citations (引用) per article, productivity, or width of research topics studied. ___, women are catching up in terms of number of prizes won, but still fall significantly behind in regard to the importance and monetary awards associated with the prizes.
The bottom line: while on the surface it may appear that the gender gap has somewhat____ when it comes to science prizes, great injustice is hidden just below. The problem likely ____ beyond the borders of science. In business, for example, prizes and funding for new technology and innovation may follow a similar pattern, helping to explain the phenomenon observed for female entrepreneurs, again ____ by research. This is something worth examining in greater depth.
1.A. remained B. awarded C. existed D. established
2.A. leave B. doubt C. question D. suspect
3.A. contribution B. recognition C. resolution D. promotion
4.A. indicator B. substance C. confirmation D. compliment
5.A. experiments B. innovation C. study D. grants
6.
A. gender equality B. research prospects
C. innovation patterns D. government control
7.A. In line with B. Contrary to C. Compared with D. In case of
8.A. concept B. outcome C. requirement D. approach
9.A. improvement B. quality C. accomplishment D. reputation
10.A. vague B. sudden C. good D. fundamental
11.A. description B. evidence C. document D. comparison
12.A. Therefore B. However C. Instead D. Nevertheless
13.A. highlighted B. eliminated C. strengthened D. narrowed
14.A. dominates B. extends C. overtakes D. justifies
15.A. turned out B. taken on C. backed up D. held up
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Eat healthier without quitting sugar
Not long ago, fat was regarded as the evil for a healthy diet. Before that it was salt. Now the sugar-free diet 1. (explode) onto the health scene —and seems to have topped many people’s list of New Year’s resolutions.
Sugar-free diets encourage people to avoid sweeteners such as honey, soft drinks and some fruits. Some also recommend 2. (restrict) dairy products. The diet’s advocates note that excessive sugar consumption may increase the risk of heart disease and some cancers. So many sugar-free followers avoid milk, yoghurt and cheese 3. the assumption that these products contain sugars.
It’s true we are swallowing too much of the sweet stuff, with the average American consuming around 20 teaspoons of 4. (add) sugar a day. But you don’t need 5. (quit) sugar for healthy eating. Quitting sugar is unlikely to improve your health any more than cutting down on over-processed foods and eating more vegetables.
Research shows dieting is not effective over the long term and can lead to greater weight gain over time. The brain interprets dieting and restriction as hunger, 6. causes the storage of fat. Besides, the sugar-free diet is confusing and imposes a set of rules that 7. (make) up without scientific evidence. Such a restrictive diet can create food fear or an unhealthy relationship with food. People who worry about food are more likely to diet. This may be 8.they are worried about their weight, or about the impact certain nutrients have on their health.
Through series of experiments, 9. the researchers are certain about is that you can eat plenty of plants, enjoy whole grains and beans. Fruit is your friend, not your enemy. Most people could probably eat a little less sugar, a little 10. (often), but you don’t have to quit it for good to be healthy.
Questions are based on the following passage.
1.
A. The approach to getting good scores. B. The effectiveness of cramming.
C. The impact of a good night’s sleep on a test. D. The better way to prepare for a test.
2.
A. Join the woman in her study. B. Memorize everything on his notes.
C. Entertain himself and have fun. D. Skip lunch and hurry to the cinema.
3.
A. Organize a study group and quiz herself.
B. Get involved in the revision without rest.
C. Review the materials earnestly as scheduled.
D. Focus on the chapters assigned by the teacher.
4.
A. Hardworking and focused. B. Energetic but easily distracted.
C. Score-oriented and efficient. D. Ambitious but readily discouraged.
Questions are based on the following passage.
1.
A. To use an app to order meals. B. To know how to use a GPS signal.
C. To communicate with the robot properly. D. To pay extra money for the delivery.
2.
A. It can move on its two feet at a very fast speed.
B. It can identify the customers through its cameras.
C. 3G technology enables it to find the customers’ houses.
D. It was built by a European online take-away food company.
3.
A. The relationship between human and robot. B. The creative ways to use a robot.
C. The world’s newest invention and technology. D. A self-driving food-delivery robot.
Questions are based on the following passage.
1.
A. They use types of fuel that are not allowed on land.
B. It takes more energy to move through water than over land.
C. Their engines are not as powerful as those of other vehicles.
D. They carry large numbers of passengers and vehicles as well.
2.
A. They are sometimes rude to other tourists.
B. They don’t have meals in local restaurants.
C. They fill up the restaurants and make noise.
D. They complain when the city is too crowded.
3.
A. A new way of travelling. B. Reasons to ban cruise ships.
C. Measures against pollution. D. Problems caused by cruise ships.
A. The woman dreams of becoming a critic someday.
B. The woman is confident in the sales of her paintings.
C. The man doubts that the woman’s paintings will sell well.
D. The man is concerned about critics’ comments on the show.
