The Science of Risk-Seeking
Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth taking. 1. Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work?
The reason why any of us take any risks al all might have to do with early humans. Risk-takers were better at hunting, fighting, or exploring. 2. As the quality of risk-taking was passed from one generation to the next, humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.
So why aren’t we all jumping out of airplanes then? Well, even 200,000 years ago, too much risk-taking could get one killed. A few daring survived, though, along with a few stay-in-the-cave types. As a result, humans developed a range of character types that still exists today. So maybe you love car racing, or maybe you hate it. 3.
No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range, scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years. 4. To help you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences. New experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.
5. For the risk-seekers a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.
As experts continue to study the science of risk-seeking, we’ll continue to hit the mountains, the waves or the shallow end of the pool.
A. It all depends on your character.
B. Those are the risks you should jump to take.
C. Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.
D. Thus, these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest.
E. This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.
F. However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.
G. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.
This year’s flu season is pretty scary. To try to minimize the effects, public officials are still urging anyone who hasn’t yet gotten their flu shot to get one as soon as possible. However, even if every single person got a shot in the arm, the vaccine(疫 苗)—with its excellent 36 percent effectiveness—would not prevent everyone from getting infected with the annoying virus. Knowledge is power, so here's what goes on in your body when you come down with the flu.
The influenza virus primarily attacks your nose, throat, and the tubes that lead to your lungs. But the flu is so much more than that. Your muscles ache, your head hurts, and your appetite goes down, among other things. To our surprise, almost all of these symptoms have less to do with the virus itself than with your immune( 免 疫 的)response to them. Unfortunately, the very defense you have in place to get rid of the flu is the reason you feel so painful when you recover.
The virus usually enters through your mouth, typically by way of your hands . But it takes a few days for symptoms to set in. While this process might cause some harm to your nose and throat, it's nothing major, and nothing like the symptoms that typically accompany a bad or even mild case of the flu.
The real fun starts when your immune system begins to fight. Your immune system comes in two parts: the innate system and the adaptive. The innate immune system is essentially an all-purpose tool. As soon as your body senses the presence of any injury or invader , the innate immune system launches into action by producing tiny proteins called cytokines and chemokines. The cytokines reproduce almost immediately and start to attack the virus. This increase in immune cells creates a serious inflammation( 炎 症 ) throughout the body. But the worst is still to come.
Meanwhile, the chemokines work with the adaptive immune system to help create T cells. These cells are a special type of white blood cell that works in a much more specific way: They find the influenza virus, identify what's special about it, and create something unique on their surface that finds and destroys similar invaders.
1.What can we infer from Paragraph 1?
A. All the vaccine is not effective.
B. No one can avoid catching this year's flu.
C. This year's flu is the most serious one in recent years.
D. Public health officials have to use a gun when necessary.
2.Why many parts of your body suffer while you're recovering from a flu?
A. Because recovery from illness is painful.
B. Because your immune system is working against your defense system.
C. Because your body is fighting hard against the flu.
D. Because the influenza virus attacks your nose, throat and other parts.
3.The underlined word “fun” in Paragraph 4 can be replaced by .
A. joy B. battle
C. action D. program
4.What's the main idea of Paragraph 4?
A. The fight between innate immune system and the adaptive.
B. The categories of immune system.
C. The way immune system works.
D. The process of the development of immune system.
Let us all raise a glass to AlphaGo and the advance of artificial intelligence. AlphaGo，
DeepMind’s Go-playing AI，just defeated the best Go-playing human，Lee Sedol. But as we drink to its success. we should also begin trying to understand what it means for the future.
The number of possible moves in a game of Go is so huge that. in order to win against a player like Lee. AlphaGo was designed to adopt a human—like style of gameplay by using a relatively recent development--deep learning. Deep learning uses large data sets，“machine learning”algorithms （计算程序） and deep neural networks to teach the AI how to perform a particular set of tasks. Rather than programming complex Go rules and strategies into AlphaGo，DeepMind designers taught AlphaGo to play the game by feeding it data based on typical Go moves. Then，AlphaGo played against itself, tirelessly learning from its own mistakes and improving its gameplay over time. The results speak for themselves.
Deep learning represents a shift in the relationship humans have with their technological creations. It results in AI that displays surprising and unpredictable behaviour. Commenting after his first loss，Lee described being shocked by an unconventional move he claimed no human would ever have made. Demis Hassabis. one of DeepMind's founders，echoed this comment：“We're very pleased that AlphaGo played some quite surprising and beautiful moves. ”
Unpredictability and surprises are—or can be—a good thing. They can indicate that a system is working well，perhaps better than the humans that came before it. Such is the case with AlphaGo. However，unpredictability also indicates a loss of human control. That Hassabis is surprised at his creation's behaviour suggests a lack of control in the design. And though some loss of control might be fine in the context of a game such as Go，it raises urgent questions elsewhere.
How much and what kind of control should we give up to AI machines? How should we design appropriate human control into AI that requires us to give up some of that very control? Is there some AI that we should just not develop if it means any loss of human control? How much of a say should corporations，governments，experts or citizens have in these matters? These important questions, and many others like them，have emerged in response，but remain unanswered. They require human，not human - like，solutions.
So as we drink to the milestone in AI, let's also drink to the understanding that the time to answer deeply human questions about deep learning and AI is now.
1.What contributes most to the unconventional move of AlphaGo in the game?
A. The capability of self-improvement.
B. The constant input of large data sets.
C. The installation of deep neutral networks.
D. The knowledge of Go rules and strategies.
2.A potential danger of Al is _____.
A. the loss of human control B. the friendly relationship
C. the fierce competition D. the lack of challenge
3.How should we deal with the unpredictability of AI?
A. We should stop AI machines from developing even further.
B. We should call on the government to solve these problems for us.
C. We should rely on ourselves and come up with effective solutions.
D. We should invent even more intelligent machines to solve everything.
4.What's the author’s attitude towards this remarkable advance in AI?
A. Supportive. B. Optimistic.
C. Doubtful. D. Cautious.
At the end of August this year I moved from London，UK，to a small town in Quebec， Canada，called Matane to work as an English language assistant.Patience is a word that has appeared in many forms over the past two months.
I don't see myself as being the most patient person in the world but there was something that struck me on my first week of work.I had just finished a session with two students and just as they were leaving the classroom，one of the students turned back and said，"Thank you for your patience." That was an early reminder of the importance of being patient as a teacher. It also made me reflect on the language teachers that I have had over the years， ones that demonstrated a high level of patience and understanding that has shaped my language learning path. Moreover， it helped me to realize the importance of demonstrating patience in the classroom as it can be the difference between building someone's confidence in a language or breaking down their confidence entirely.
Living my life constantly in French is not easy but the people of Quebec are very patient.They repeat things several times and they are more than happy to wait while I find the correct words to express myself and find the correct word order.It's a learning process but with the patience of others， the process is slightly less nervous.At the end of the day， making mistakes shows you are trying and I think that is greatly appreciated by Quebecers.
When I first arrived in Matane I kept getting headaches from having to concentrate all the time due to the language and even overhearing other people's conversations was hard work! I had to keep reminding myself that it would take time， and two months later the headaches are a distant memory and my ears have become more tuned to their accent.The key is to be patient with yourself.
1.According to Paragraph 2， what does the writer think is important as a teacher？ ______
A. Understanding. B. Patience. C. Confidence. D. Help.
2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage？ ______
A. The writer went to Matane to learn the importance of patience.
B. Doctors in Quebec are good at treating headaches.
C. Practice makes perfect for learning a foreign language.
D. The writer first noticed the importance of patience on hearing a student's appreciation.
3.In the small town called Matane，which language do the local people speak？ ______
A. English. B. Spanish. C. French. D. Italian.
4.What is the best title for the passage？ ______
A. Patience Brings a Surprise
B. Attractions of Quebec
C. My Work Experience in Quebec
D. Learn a Foreign Language with Patience
Good news! Job offered.
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Science Technician
Term time plus 10 days, 37 hours per week
We are looking for a technician to provide a technical support service for science teaching staff. Applications are to be received no later than midnight on 10th June 2015.
Health & Social Care Teacher
Our client, an 11-18 mixed comprehensive school in Ealing, West London, is currently seeking a teacher for Health & Social Care. The position will be a full-time post until July 2015. We require an energetic teacher to develop the learning potential of students. We are seeking someone with excellent subject knowledge who can combine academic strictness and achievement with enjoyment of teaching Health & Social Care.
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1.The receptionist to be employed will work ______.
A. 20 hours a week
B. 37 hours a week
C. 39.5 hours a week
D. 34.5 hours a week
2.______is needed in a school in Ealing, West London.
A. A full-time science teacher
B. A teacher with the ability to get along with people
C. A teacher with excellent knowledge about Health & Social Care
D. A technician who can provide a technical support service
3.The text is most likely to appear ______.
A. on the Internet
B. in a novel
C. in a magazine
D. in a newspaper
听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。
1.What did the speaker do in 1970?
A. He won a contest at school.
B. He left the Ford Motor Company.
C. He became the president of a company.
2.What did the speaker think of hugging and kissing his father?
A. It was natural.
B. It made him mad.
C. It made him uncomfortable.
3.How long did the speaker’s father have the motorcycle?
A. Six weeks. B. A month. C. Several months.
4.When did the speaker first drive a car?
A. After his sixteenth birthday.
B. As soon as he was 18.
C. When he was in junior high school.
