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In some islands north of Scotland, if he...

    In some islands north of Scotland, if head lice (头虱) left their host, he became sick and feverish. Therefore, sick people had lice put in their hair intentionally. There was a method in their madness As soon as the lice had settled in again, the patient improved. The story explains the confusion of cause and effect. If the lice leave the sick host, it is because he has a fever and they simply get hot feetand when the fever breaksthey return. Such false causality (假因果关系)misleads us every day.

Consider the headline: “Fact: Women Who Use Shampoo XYZ Every Day Have Stronger Hair.” It says very little -- least of all, that the shampoo makes your hair stronger. It might simply be the other way round: women with strong hair tend to use Shampoo XYZ -- and perhaps that’s because it says “especially for thick hair” on the bottle.

Another example: Scientists found that long periods in the hospital did harm to patients. But, clearly, patients who are dismissed immediately are healthier than those who must stay on for treatment.

Recently I read that students get better grades at school if their homes contain many books. This study was surely a shot in the arm for booksellers, but it was also false causality. This simple truth is that educated parents tend to value their children's education more than uneducated ones do, and they often have more books at home. In short, a dust-covered copy War and Peace alone isn't going to influence anyone's grades; what counts is parents' education levels, as well as their genes.

There was also the supposed relationship between the birth rate and the numbers of stork (鹳)pairs in Germany. Both were in decline, and if you plot (描绘) them on a graph (曲线图)the two lines of development from 1965 to 1987 appeared almost the same. Does this mean the storks actually bring babies? Obviously not. This was a purely accidental connection.

In conclusion: Connection is not causality. Take a closer look at linked events: Sometimes what is presented as the cause turns out to be the effect, or just the other way round and sometimes there is no link at all -- just like with storks and babies.

1.According to the first paragraph, people in some islands north of Scotland _________.

A. found a way to get rid of head lice

B. used an effective method to keep flt

C. made head lice a part of their life

D. died due to infections with head lice

2.Which is an example of false causality?

A. Women with strong hair tend to use a certain shampoo.

B. The birth rate and the stork population are connected.

C. Longer periods in the hospital benefit patients.

D. Lice can make a person sick and feverish.

3.The underlined phrase “ a shot in the arm” in Paragraph 4 means _______.

A. pain B. defeat

C. guidance D. encouragement

4.According to the author, students get better grades probably because ______.

A. their homes are full of books

B. they have read War and Peace

C. their educated parents value education

D. their parents are successful booksellers

5.We can draw the conclusion from the passage that _______.

A. connection arc pure accidents

B. cause and effect are interdependent

C. connections are mostly cause and effect

D. linked events may turn out to be unrelated

 

1.C 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.D 【解析】 本文是一篇议论文。这篇文章论述的是“联系不是因果关系。仔细看看相关事件:有时提出的原因是效果,还是相反,有时没有联系——就像鹤和婴儿。关联的事件可能是不相关的。” 1.细节理解题。根据第一段中In some islands north of Scotland, if head lice (头虱) left their host, he became sick and feverish. Therefore, sick people had lice put in their hair intentionally.“在苏格兰北部的一些岛屿上,如果头虱离开宿主,它就会生病发烧。因此,病人故意把虱子放在头发里。”可知,根据第一段,在苏格兰北部的一些岛屿上,人们把头虱作为生活的一部分。故选C。 2.细节理解题。根据第五段第一句There was also the supposed relationship between the birth rate and the numbers of stork (鹳)pairs in Germany.“在德国,出生率和鹳对数量之间也存在假定的关系。”可知,“出生率和鹳的数量是相关的。”是错误的因果关系。故选B。 3.词义猜测题。根据第四段第一句Recently I read that students get better grades at school if their homes contain many books.“最近我读到,如果学生的家里有很多书,他们在学校的成绩会更好。”由此可知“书多”是对书商的一种“鼓励”,所以划线词的意思是“鼓励”。 4.推理判断题。根据第四段中This simple truth is that educated parents tend to value their children's education more than uneducated ones do,“这个简单的事实是,受过教育的父母往往比没有受过教育的父母更重视孩子的教育,”可知,根据作者的观点,学生取得更好的成绩可能是因为他们受过教育的父母重视教育。故选C。 5.主旨大意题。根据最后一段In conclusion: Connection is not causality. Take a closer look at linked events: Sometimes what is presented as the cause turns out to be the effect, or just the other way round, and sometimes there is no link at all -- just like with storks and babies.“总之:联系不是因果关系。仔细看看相关事件:有时提出的原因是效果,还是相反,有时没有联系——就像鹤和婴儿。”可知,我们可以从这篇文章中得出结论,关联的事件可能是不相关的。故选D。
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