重点短语
1.be home __________ ……的故乡
2.from the bottom __________ the very top从底到顶
3.plenty __________ 许多，大量
4.prevent．．．__________．．．阻止……
5.__________ harmony with与……协调
6.connect __________ 连接
7.provide sth．__________ sb．给某人提供某物
8.feed __________ 以……为食
9.pass __________ 传下去
10.wash __________ 冲走
单词与拓展
1.__________ vt．包，裹
2.__________ n．闪光．使闪光，使闪现 vi．闪光，闪现
3.__________ n．（一）大层（覆盖物）
4.__________ n．霜
5.__________ n．朝代
6.__________ n．地区，区域
7.__________ adv．因此，由此
8.__________ adj．浅的
9.__________ v．阻挡，防止→__________ n．防止，预防
10.__________ n．土壤
11.__________ adj．重要的，影响深远的→__________ n．重要性→__________ adv．重大地，显著地
12.__________ n．融洽，和谐
13.__________ vt．设计，计划 n．设计，图样，计划→__________ n．设计者
14.__________ vt．伤害，损害，危害 n．伤害，损害，危害→__________ adj．有害的
15.__________ n．庄稼，作物
16.__________ n．传统→__________ adj．传统的，习俗的，惯例的
17.__________ n．一代人
18.__________ n．农业→__________ adj．农业的，农艺的
19.__________ vt．吸引，引起……的兴趣→__________ n．吸引，吸引力，具有吸引力的人/物
20.__________ vt．钦佩，赞赏，羡慕，欣赏→__________ n．敬佩，钦佩，羡慕
In the 1990s, when an area of Brazilian rainforest the size of Belgium was cut down every year, Brazil was the world’s environmental villain (反派角色) and the Amazonian jungles the image of everything that was going wrong in green places. Now, the Amazon ought to be the image of what is going right. Government figures show that deforestation fell by 70% in the Brazilian Amazon region during the past decade. If clearances had continued at their rate in 2005, an extra 3.2 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide would have been put into the atmosphere. That is an amount equal to a year’s emissions from the European Union. Arguably, then, Brazil is now the world leader in addressing climate change.
But how did it break the vicious cycle (恶性循环)? The answer, according to a paper is that there was no silver bullet but instead a three-stage process in which bans, better governance in frontier areas and consumer pressure on companies worked.
The first stage ran from the mid-1990s to 2004. This was when the government put its efforts into bans and restrictions. The Brazilian Forest Code said that, on every farm in the Amazon, 80% of the land had to be set aside as a forest reserve. As the study observes, this share was so high that the code could not be followed --- or enforced. This was the period of the worst deforestation. Soybean prices were high and there were a vast expansion of soybean farming on the south-eastern border of the rainforest.
During the second stage, which ran from 2005 to 2009, the government tried to boost its ability to police the Amazon. Brazil’s president made stopping deforestation a priority, which resulted in better co-operation between different bits of the government. The area in which farming was banned was increased from a sixth to nearly half of the forest.
The third stage, which began in 2009, was a test of whether a system of restrictions could survive as soybean expansion continued. The government shifted its focus from farms to counties (each state has scores of these). Farmers in the 36 counties with the worst deforestation rates were banned from getting cheap credit until those rates fell.
By any standards, Brazil’s Amazon policy has been a success, made the more remarkable because it relied on restrictions rather than rewards, which might have been expected to have worked better. Over the period of the study, Brazil also turned itself into a farming superpower, so the country has shown it is possible to get a huge increase in food output without destroying the forest. Moreover, the policies so far have been successful among commercial farms who care about the law and respond to market pressures. Most remaining deforestation is by small holders who care rather less about these things, so the government faces the problem of persuading them to change their ways, too. Deforestation has been slowed, but not yet stopped.
1.Brazil is considered to play a leading role in dealing with climate change because ________.
A.it has rainforest as large as Belgium.
B.it has cut down too much rainforest.
C.it has taken action to reduce deforestation.
D.it sent 3.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the air.
2.The underlined phrase “silver bullet” in Paragraph 2 most probably refers to _______.
A.a powerful weapon. B.an effective solution.
C.an intelligent device. D.a golden opportunity.
3.What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A.Brazil has successfully eliminated deforestation.
B.All the farmers care much about forest protection.
C.Small farm holders are a headache for the Brazilian government.
D.Both the food output and the forest in Brazil have greatly increased.
4.What can be the best title of the passage?
A.Cutting Down on Cutting Down. B.Brazil, the World Leader in Farming.
C.Restrictions Outperforming Rewards. D.Former Awareness Working Wonders.
Nowadays, people have a heated discussion on whether the pressure on international sports players kills the essence of sport --- the pursuit of personal excellence. Children kick a football around for fun. When they get older and play for local school teams, they become competitive but they still enjoy playing. The individual representing his country cannot afford to think about enjoying himself; he has to think only about winning. He is responsible for the entire nation’s hopes, dreams and reputation.
A good example is the football World Cup. Football is the world’s most important sport. Winning the World Cup is perhaps the summit of international sporting success. Mention Argentina to someone and the chances are that he’ll think of football. In a sense, winning the World Cup put Argentina on the map.
Sports fans and supporters get quite irrational about the World Cup. People in England felt that their country was somehow important after they won in 1966. Last year thousands of Scots sold their cars, and even their houses, and spent all their money travelling to Argentina, where the finals were played.
So, am I arguing that international competition kills the idea of sport? Certainly not! Do the Argentinians really believe that because eleven of their men proved the most skillful at football, their nation is in every way better than all others? Not really, but it’s nice to know that you won and that in one way at least your country is the best.
1.According to the passage, if a sportsman only thinks about winning, he will ___________.
A.fail to succeed. B.lose enjoyment.
C.achieve success. D.go unreasonable.
2.The main idea of the first paragraph is that ____________.
A.children take part in all kinds of sports because sports activities give them pleasure.
B.competitions between different school teams make sports no longer a personal act for fun.
C.some people believe that international competition makes sports a task, a responsibility, for the individuals.
D.some people think international competition is in a way opposite to the pursuit of personal excellence.
3.What does the speaker mean when he says “In a sense, winning the World Cup put Argentina on the map”?
A.Winning the World Cup makes Argentina a football power in the world.
B.Argentina is not important before it wins the World Cup.
C.Winning the World Cup gives weight to Argentina’s position in the world.
D.Argentina is world-famous for its football because of its obvious position on the map.
4.The word “irrational” in the third paragraph means __________.
A.passionate, B.unreasonable.
C.angry, D.happy,
Sunday, October 5
Clear, 69°F
My wife, Eleanor, and I took the train from Paris to Strasbourg, where we were met by our driver and guide, and the minibus which goes along with the boat. We stopped off in Barn for an hour on the way. Then we were taken to Nancy where the boat was kept.
After the other passengers arrived, we had our first dinner on the boat. After dinner we walked into downtown Nancy, a village with a large square and wooden houses.
Monday, October 6
Rained last night, cloudy in the morning, 69°F
We spent about two hours in Nancy, then sailed on the Canal de la Marne au Rhine. Kind of a lazy day, eating breakfast, lunch, and dinner. After dinner we watched a tape on Baccarat, which we will visit tomorrow.
It was pleasant to sit out on deck and watch the scenery go by at about 3 mph.
Tuesday, October 7
Light rain, 64°F
This morning we drove over to Baccarat and toured its museum and the church, which has this unbelievable lamp that is going on a world tour the next day. We did lots of shopping, then walked across the bridge to see a very, very modern Catholic church with special Baccarat windows.
We drove to the top of the Voges Mountains and started down the eastern side. Later we drove to Sorrenbourg to see the 13th century church at the Cordeliers. It contains the largest window by Marc Chagall - 24 feet wide by 40 feet high.
Wednesday, October 8
Cloud, 65 °F
Today we sailed from Schneckenbush to Saverne. We went through two caves, an extremely unusual part of the journey. This river scenery is very different. We were in a mountain valley with grassland on one side and a forest beginning to show some color on the other.
Thursday, October 9
Cloudy, 66°F
Our dependable minibus was waiting to load the luggage and take us to the hotel where everyone went their separate ways. Our boating days are over until next time.
1.Where did the author get off the train?
A.Paris. B.Strasbourg.
C.Nancy. D.Barn.
2.On which days did the tourists spend most of their time on the boat?
A.Monday and Tuesday. B.Tuesday and Wednesday.
C.Wednesday and Thursday. D.Monday and Wednesday.
3.From the text, we learn that Baccarat and Sorrenbourg are the names of ________.
A.towns B.churches
C.museums D.mountains
In 1965, 17-year-old high school student Randy Gardner stayed awake for 264 hours to see how he’d cope without sleep. On the second day, his eyes stopped focusing. Next, he lost the ability to ________ objects by touch. By day three, Gardner was moody and uncoordinated. At the end of the experiment, he was ________ to concentrate, had trouble with short-term memory and started hallucinating(出现幻觉). Although Gardner recovered without long-term psychological or physical ________, for others, sleeplessness can result in hormone(激素) imbalance, illness, and even death.
Sleep is ________. Adults need 7 to 8 hours of sleep at night, and adolescents need about 10. In the United States, it's estimated that 30% of adults and 66% of adolescents are ________ sleep deprived. When we lose sleep, learning, memory, mood, and reaction time are affected. Sleeplessness may also cause inflammation, hallucinations, high blood pressure, and it's even been ________ to diabetes and obesity.
How can sleep ________ cause such enormous suffering? Scientists think the answer lies with the ________ of waste products in the brain. During our waking hours, our cells are busy using up our day's energy sources with get broken down into various by-products, including adenosine(腺苷酸). As adenosine builds up, it increases the ________ to sleep, also known as sleep pressure. In fact, caffeine works by ________ adenosine's receptor pathways. Other waste products also build up in the brain, and if they're not cleared away, they collectively ________ the brain and are thought to lead to the many negative symptoms of sleep deprivation.
So, what's happening in our brain when we sleep, to prevent this? Scientists found something called the Lymphatic System, a clean-up mechanism(机能) that removes this build up and is much more ________ when we're asleep. It works by using cerebrospinal fluid(脑脊髓液) to flush away toxic by-products that accumulate between cells. Lymphatic vessels, which ________ pathways for immune cells have recently been discovered in the brain, and they may also play a role in ________ the brain's daily waste products. While scientists continue exploring the restorative mechanisms behind sleep, we can be sure that sleeping is a(n) ________ if we want to maintain our health and our sanity.
1.A.produce B.identify C.move D.discover
2.A.balancing B.reminded C.struggling D.intended
3.A.ability B.outcome C.response D.damage
4.A.essential B.healthy C.investigated D.neglected
5.A.scarcely B.temporarily C.regularly D.hopefully
6.A.occurred B.linked C.increased D.developed
7.A.deprivation B.sufficiency C.absence D.pressure
8.A.accumulation B.discovery C.resource D.prevention
9.A.symptom B.power C.difficulty D.urge
10.A.clearing B.blocking C.holding D.assisting
11.A.overload B.pollute C.protect D.explore
12.A.harmful B.active C.tense D.necessary
13.A.serve as B.block up C.tear down D.point to
14.A.analyzing B.removing C.following D.dividing
15.A.system B.priority C.opportunity D.necessity
