Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
最近几年，随着网络购物的迅速崛起，实体店的生意越来越冷清。可以说网络购物正在逐步取代实体店购物。你觉得这种发展趋势所带来的是利还是弊？请结合自身经历谈谈你的看法。
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Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
1.这家主题乐园受到消费者的质疑是因为它的某些规则存在“双标”的可能性。(likely)
2.令当今年轻一代感到心力交瘁的不仅是繁重的工作和生活压力，还有突如其来的二胎。(exhaust)
3.适度饮食、少熬夜、多养身能有效改善中年人日益下降的健康状况。(improve)
4.高考过后，很多老师和家长煞费苦心指导学生该报考哪所大学，结果学生们依旧固执己见，一意孤行。(respond)
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Researchers have just offered evidence in a study that says obesity appears to spread through social ties, much like a virus. When one person gains weight, their close friends often follow. But the finding might also offer hope.
The researchers examined more than 40,000 social ties. They found that a person’s chance of becoming severely overweight increased by 57% if a friend had become obese. A sister or brother of a person who became obese had a 40% increased chance of becoming obese. The risk for a wife or husband was a little less than that.
Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medial School was a lead investigator in the study. He says there is a direct causal relationship between a person getting fat and being followed in weight gain by a friend. The study found that the sex of the friends was also an influence. In same-sex friendships a person had a 70% increased risk of becoming obese. Men had a 44% increased risk of becoming obese after weight gain in brother. In sisters, it was 67%.
The researchers also considered the effect of where people lived in relation to each other. James Fowler of the University of California, San Diego, was the other lead investigator. He says a friend who lives a few hundred kilometers away has as much influence as one in the same neighborhood. He says the study demonstrates the need to consider that a major part of people’s health is tied to their social connections.
Both investigators say their research shows that obesity is not just a private medical issue, but a public health problem.
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
It’s time to re-evaluate how women handle conflict at work. Being overworked or over-committed at home and on the job will not get ou where you want to be in life. It will only slow you down and hinder your career goals.
Did you know women are more likely than men to feel exhausted? Nearly twice as many women than men ages 18-44 reported feeling, “very tired” or “exhausted,” according to a recent study.
1. It’s also the age range when many women are trying to balance careers and home. One reason women may feel exhausted is that they have a hard time saying “no.” Women want to be able to do it all -- volunteer for school parties or cook delicious meals -- and so their answer to any request is often “Yes, I can.”
Women struggle to say “no” in the workplace for similar reasons, including the desire to be liked by their colleagues. 2..
At the workplace, men use conflict as a way to position themselves, while women often avoid conflict or strive to be the peacemaker, because they don’t want to be viewed as aggressive or disruptive at work. 3. Men are more likely to face that dispute from the perspective of what benefits them most, whereas women may approach the same dispute from the perspective of what’s the easiest and quickest way to resolve the problem -- even if that means doing the boring work themselves.
This difference in handling conflict could be the deciding factor in who gets promoted to a leadership position and who does not. 4. Shouldering more of the workload may not earn you that promotion. Instead, It may highlight your inability to delegate effectively.
A. Unfortunately, this inability to say “no” may be hurting women’s heath as well as their career.
B. Leaders have to be able to delegate and manage resources wisely -- including staff expertise.
C. For example, there’s a problem that needs to be addressed immediately, resulting in a dispute over who should be the one to fix it.
D. Men and women tend to behave differently when faced with a dispute
E. This may not be surprising given that this is the age range when women have children .
F. The reason why women in this age range suffer so much is that they cannot say “no.”
Types of Social Groups
Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction -- and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links focused when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal.
Occasionally, this may mean working with, instead of against, competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups: we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups ; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face - to - face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society’s cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity. Primary groups, then serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.
1.According to Paragraph 1, which of the following statements is true of a relationship?
A.It is a structure of associations with many people.
B.It should be studied in the course of social interaction.
C.It places great demands on people.
D.It develops gradually over time.
2.Which of the following can be inferred from the author’s claim in paragraph 4 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships?
A.Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships.
B.A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship.
C.Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society.
D.Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships.
3.The phrase “size up” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to “________”.
A.enlarge B.evaluate
C.impress D.accept
4.This passage is developed primarily by ________.
A.drawing comparisons between theory and practice
B.presenting two opposing theories
C.defining important concepts
D.discussing causes and their effects
Information for Visitors.
For large print versions and access information, ask at the Information Desk in the Great Court call +44 (0) 30 7323 8299, or visit britishmuseum.org
Opening times
Great Court
Saturday - Thursday 09:00 - 18:00
Friday 09:00 - 20:30
Galleries and special exhibitions
Saturday - Thursday 10:00 - 17:30
Friday 10:00 - 20:30
Please note that galleries start closing 10 minutes before the published closing times.
For a list of late openings, visit britishmuseum.org or contact the Information Desk
by calling +44 (0) 20 7323 8299
The Museum is closed on 1 January, Good Friday and 24026 December.
Access
Most galleries, events and facilities at the British Museum have level access including all the cafes and the restaurant. The locations of level access toilets are shown on the map, and lifts in the Great Court provide access to all adjacent floor levels. Wheelchairs can be borrowed free of charge from both entrances or booked in advance from the Information Desk.
Temporary exhibitions are regularly accompanied with tactile images and Braille. Audio description is provided for some temporary exhibitions. All major temporary exhibitions have large print information available for use.
Touch Tours are available for the Egyptian Sculpture Gallery (Room 4) and the Parthenon Introductory Gallery (Room 18), which has Bale labels and plaster cast reliefs of the Parthenon sculptures. Request a pack from the Information Desk.
Magnifying glasses are available to borrow from the Information Desk. The Museumj regularly programmes curatorial - led handling sessions for blind and partially - sighted visitors. For further details, contact the Learning, volunteers and Audiences Department at +44 (0) 20 7323 8510 / 8850 or learning@britishmuseum.org.
British Sign Language - interpreted gallery talks take place every month. For details, see the Museum’s bi-monthly guide, What’s On, or contact the information Desk.
A Multimedia guide with signed video commentaries for over 200 highlight objects of the Museum is available from the Multimedia Guide Desk.
A Sound Enhancement System with portable induction loops is available for most gallery talks and to support sign - interpreted tours.
Family activities
Family events are regularly held at weekends and during school holidays. For more details, pick up a Families leaflet. Family backpacks and trails are available from the families Desk in the Great Court at weekends and every day during school holidays. A family souvenir guide book. Explore the British Museum, and Children’s Multimedia Guide are also available.
Events programme
The events programme includes a wide range of lectures, films, special events and courses, including adult learning, family activities and more. For full details, pick up What’s On from the Information Desk in the Great Court.
Regulations for visitors
To heop everyone enjoy the Museum, please:
Keep mobiles in silent mode and don’t take calls in gallery spaces
Don’t touch the objects (you can handle selected objects at the Hands - On desks -- ask at the Information Desk for details)
Don’t smoke on the premises
Don’t eat or drink in the galleries
Sketching with pencil in the galleries is allowed. Photography is permitted in selected galleries, for non-commercial uses. CCTV is in operation at all times in the British Museum.
Facilities
Cloakrooms
The main cloakroom is to the left of the Main entrance, a second cloakroom is located by the Montague Place entrance. The cloakrooms do not accept large luggage (maximum dimensions: 40 × 40 × 50 cm).
(Copyright 2002, 2007 and 2008 the Trustees of the British Museum. Printed in Italy.)
1.Where can you probably find this information?
A.The official website of the British Museum.
B.The map with color plans and visitor information of the British Museum.
C.A leaflet distributed on the streets near the British Museum.
D.The notice board at the entrance of the British Museum.
2.If a family with two adults and three teenagers from the Untied States want to take part in the family activities of the Museum, they should pay attention to the following information EXCEPT that _________.
A.the Museum is closed at Christmas and on New Year’s Day and Good Friday but not on school holiday
B.all the backpacks and luggage including the large ones should be deposited in the cloakrooms before entering
C.families are allowed to touch the selected objects at the Hands - On desks in the museum
D.teenagers an sketch with pencil and take photos in selected galleries for their schoolwork
3.Which of the following statements is true about access to the Museum?
A.Wheelchairs can be borrowed and booked in advance with a deposit.
B.Some major temporary exhibitions don’t provide large print information but audio description is available.
C.The Museum provides curatorial - led handling sessions for blind and partially - sighted visitors if required.
D.Visitors can borrow a Multimedia Guide and a sound enhancement system is available to support sign - interpreted tours.
