阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
The word “diary” comes from the Latin word “diarium”, 1. means “daily allowance”. It refers to a book for writings by date. And it 2. (use) for business notes, planning activities, keeping track of scheduled appointments, or documenting 3. has already happened. Some doctors suggest that 4. (write) in a diary is a good form of self-study.
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
最近几年，随着网络购物的迅速崛起，实体店的生意越来越冷清。可以说网络购物正在逐步取代实体店购物。你觉得这种发展趋势所带来的是利还是弊？请结合自身经历谈谈你的看法。
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Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
1.这家主题乐园受到消费者的质疑是因为它的某些规则存在“双标”的可能性。(likely)
2.令当今年轻一代感到心力交瘁的不仅是繁重的工作和生活压力，还有突如其来的二胎。(exhaust)
3.适度饮食、少熬夜、多养身能有效改善中年人日益下降的健康状况。(improve)
4.高考过后，很多老师和家长煞费苦心指导学生该报考哪所大学，结果学生们依旧固执己见，一意孤行。(respond)
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Researchers have just offered evidence in a study that says obesity appears to spread through social ties, much like a virus. When one person gains weight, their close friends often follow. But the finding might also offer hope.
The researchers examined more than 40,000 social ties. They found that a person’s chance of becoming severely overweight increased by 57% if a friend had become obese. A sister or brother of a person who became obese had a 40% increased chance of becoming obese. The risk for a wife or husband was a little less than that.
Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medial School was a lead investigator in the study. He says there is a direct causal relationship between a person getting fat and being followed in weight gain by a friend. The study found that the sex of the friends was also an influence. In same-sex friendships a person had a 70% increased risk of becoming obese. Men had a 44% increased risk of becoming obese after weight gain in brother. In sisters, it was 67%.
The researchers also considered the effect of where people lived in relation to each other. James Fowler of the University of California, San Diego, was the other lead investigator. He says a friend who lives a few hundred kilometers away has as much influence as one in the same neighborhood. He says the study demonstrates the need to consider that a major part of people’s health is tied to their social connections.
Both investigators say their research shows that obesity is not just a private medical issue, but a public health problem.
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
It’s time to re-evaluate how women handle conflict at work. Being overworked or over-committed at home and on the job will not get ou where you want to be in life. It will only slow you down and hinder your career goals.
Did you know women are more likely than men to feel exhausted? Nearly twice as many women than men ages 18-44 reported feeling, “very tired” or “exhausted,” according to a recent study.
1. It’s also the age range when many women are trying to balance careers and home. One reason women may feel exhausted is that they have a hard time saying “no.” Women want to be able to do it all -- volunteer for school parties or cook delicious meals -- and so their answer to any request is often “Yes, I can.”
Women struggle to say “no” in the workplace for similar reasons, including the desire to be liked by their colleagues. 2..
At the workplace, men use conflict as a way to position themselves, while women often avoid conflict or strive to be the peacemaker, because they don’t want to be viewed as aggressive or disruptive at work. 3. Men are more likely to face that dispute from the perspective of what benefits them most, whereas women may approach the same dispute from the perspective of what’s the easiest and quickest way to resolve the problem -- even if that means doing the boring work themselves.
This difference in handling conflict could be the deciding factor in who gets promoted to a leadership position and who does not. 4. Shouldering more of the workload may not earn you that promotion. Instead, It may highlight your inability to delegate effectively.
A. Unfortunately, this inability to say “no” may be hurting women’s heath as well as their career.
B. Leaders have to be able to delegate and manage resources wisely -- including staff expertise.
C. For example, there’s a problem that needs to be addressed immediately, resulting in a dispute over who should be the one to fix it.
D. Men and women tend to behave differently when faced with a dispute
E. This may not be surprising given that this is the age range when women have children .
F. The reason why women in this age range suffer so much is that they cannot say “no.”
Types of Social Groups
Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction -- and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links focused when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal.
Occasionally, this may mean working with, instead of against, competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups: we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups ; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face - to - face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society’s cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity. Primary groups, then serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.
1.According to Paragraph 1, which of the following statements is true of a relationship?
A.It is a structure of associations with many people.
B.It should be studied in the course of social interaction.
C.It places great demands on people.
D.It develops gradually over time.
2.Which of the following can be inferred from the author’s claim in paragraph 4 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships?
A.Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships.
B.A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship.
C.Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society.
D.Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships.
3.The phrase “size up” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to “________”.
A.enlarge B.evaluate
C.impress D.accept
4.This passage is developed primarily by ________.
A.drawing comparisons between theory and practice
B.presenting two opposing theories
C.defining important concepts
D.discussing causes and their effects
