I've been eating a high-Fat,carbohydrate(碳水化合物)-restricted diet for almost 20 years,since I started as an experiment when investigating nutrition research for the journal Science. I find if s easy for me to keep a healthy weight when I eat this way. But even after two decades, the feeling of being on the edge of a slippery slope is ever- present.
Researchers are generally divided on why we often fail to stay on diets and what causes obesity. The conventional thinking, held by the large proportion of the many researchers, is that obesity is an " energy balance" disorder,and so the treatment is to consume less energy ((fewer calories) ) and spend more. When we fail to keep this prescription, it suggests that we simply lack will power.
The minority position in this field—one that Dr. Ludwig holds, as do I after years of reporting—is that obesity is actually a hormondal(激素的)regulatory disorder, and the hormone that controls this process is insulin (胰岛 素).It signals fat cells to gather fat,while telling the other cells in our body to bum carbohydrates for fuel. By this thinking these carbohydrates, particularly grains, known as high GI carbs, as well as sugars are likely to make you fat.
"Raise insulin levels even a little" , says Dr. Robert Lustig, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco,"and the body switches over from burning fat for fuel to burning carbohydrates. Once people who are 'carboholics,' get their insulin levels down, they become less carboholic. And if they start eating carbs, they go right back to where they were before. " Researchers like Dr. Ludwig and Dr. Lustig believe that a person can minimize these carbohydrate desire by eating lots of healthful fats instead.
Finally, any successful diet is by definition a long-term commitment. If we buy into the logic of carb -restricted diets, then it implies acceptance of a lifetime restriction.
1.What does the author feel like doing according to the last sentence of the first paragraph?
A.Keeping a healthy weight. B.Sticking to a good habit.
C.Stopping nutrition research. D.Breaking a diet
2.What does the author think lead to obesity?
A.Lack of exercise. B.Taking in too many carbs.
C.Lack of will power. D.Taking in too much calorie.
3.According to the text,what would Dr. Lustig advise carbholics to do?
A.Reduce carb intake to the least. B.Consult doctors immediately.
C.Consume as much fat as possible. D.Work out regularly.
4.What is the best title of the text?
A.Why is cutting carbs so tough? B.What does a healthy diet consist of?
C.Who are to believe,the majority or the minority? D.How can we lose weight?
William Phelps Eno (1858 - 1945 ) was an internationally recognized pioneer in traffic control and regulation. Named the "Father of Traffic Safety," 'Eno developed the first traffic plans for major cities including New York, London, and Paris, and is credited with helping to invent and popularize stop signs, taxi stands, pedestrian safety islands, and other traffic features commonly used throughout the world.
Eno started out in his family's real estate business, but his interest in transportation led him to concentrate his spare time on traffic reform. In 1899, at the age of 40, he left real estate behind and devoted the rest of his life to put his concepts for orderly transportation into practice. His "Rules of the Road," adopted by New York City in 1909, became the world's first city traffic plan. He also wrote the first-ever manual of police traffic regulations.
Eno gradually embraced multimodal transportation interests. He developed a plan for subways in New York City long before anyone else seriously considered the concept. He also became interested in maritime activities, supported railroad development, and started research in the 1920s on the future impact of avidtion(航空).
Eno died in 1945 at the age of 86. Ironically, he never drove a car during his lifetime. The Father of Traffic Safety,an enthusiastic horseback rider,distrusted automobiles.
In 1921, William P. Eno created a corporation whose purpose was to continue his lifetime's work—the promotion of safety on roads and highways. He sponsored the Foundation and began the work of attracting other transportation experts and specialists in order to provide a forum for unbiased discussions that would lead to improvements in the movement of people and goods.
Since 1921, the Foundation has undergone many changes. What began as a Foundation for Highway Traffic Regulation has now become an independent, non-profit think tank that works in federal transportation policy and transportation leadership development. What has not changed is Eno's constant presence in the world of transportation.
1.For what is William Phelps Eno well-known to the whole world ?
A.His pioneering work in ensuring traffic safety. B.His design of all traffic signs.
C.His research over the diversity of transportation. D.His contribution in inventing cars.
2.When was the first city traffic plan launched?
A.In 1909. B.In 1921. C.In 1945. D.In 1899.
3.Which of the following can best replace "ironically" in the fourth paragraph?
A.Humorously. B.Simply. C.Unexpectedly. D.Fortunately.
4.What role does the Foundation created by William play now?
A.Promoting improvements in federal transportation.
B.Sponsoring the poor who don't have cars.
C.Hosting international forums for experts and specialists.
D.Maintaining safety on roads and highways.
The spread of Internet learning for huge numbers of people is leading some colleges to offer MOOCs, Massive Open Online Courses. Major universities like Stanford in California and Harvard in Massachusetts have invested millions of dollars to help launch MOOCs.
Those schools and others may have heard an attention-getting prediction. The man who created the MOOC service Udacity says that in fifty years, only ten traditional universities will remain in the world. That prediction came from Sebastian Thrun, a computer scientist probably best known for his part in making Google's driverless car. He is still a research professor at Stanford University. But he left his teaching position at Stanford to help start Udacity ,a provider of MOOCs.
Universities that fail to join the movement for MOOCs may be worried about their chances of survival. Colleges also hope to gain more students and cut operational costs in return for their investments.
Moody's Investor Service predicts that MOOCs will help large, famous universities gain more students. It says schools that create content for MOOCs can earn money by providing the course material to smaller schools.
But the investment service is warning that smaller, less well-known colleges may suffer because of MOOCs. It says students may want to receive certificates from major universities instead of attending a local junior college that provides traditional credits.
Recently, the University of Washington said it was the first American university to offer credit for MOOCs, credit that could be used toward a degree from the school.
One criticism of MOOCs has been that most courses being offered are in science, mathematics and technology. But several courses in literature are now available.
Professor Nelson says, "How much MOOCs will change college life is still up in the air. I have been of the opinion which is what universities will evolve to do is to still present some traditional classes, but that universities in some sense will be integrated."
1.Why do some major colleges join in providing MOOCs?
A.To make profits through Internet learning. B.To survive in the Information Age.
C.To offer help to other smaller colleges. D.To attract more investments.
2.What did Sebastian Thrun predict about future college life?
A.Many traditional universities will disappear.
B.Lectures will be given by Al rather than professors.
C.People don't have to receive education.
D.Traditional courses will be entirely replaced by MOOCs.
3.What used to be the disadvantage of MOOCs?
A.They were demanding for students. B.They were not friendly to students of arts.
C.They were not acknowledged by most colleges. D.They were expensive for students to use.
4.What can be inferred from the last paragraph ?
A.More traditional courses will be given in colleges.
B.Students from different universities will study together.
C.The impact of MOOCs on college life is not sure.
D.Professor Nelson is not in favor of MOOCs.
Los Angeles is more than just sunshine, sea, and Hollywood stars. It happens to have a world-class art scene, as major museums exhibit masterpieces that you've probably seen prints of in suburban houses and urban loft apartments. Here are the best art museums in Los Angeles.
▪The Broad
One of LA’s newest art museums, The Broad is the collection of Eli and Edythe Broad. The 2,000-strong collection of paintings and sculptures were all created after World War II and artists represented here include Andy Warhol, Barbara Kruger, and Cindy Sherman. Be sure to build in some time to wait in line to get the chance to be surprised at Yayoi Kusama's amazing mirror rooms. Located in Downtown LA, the museum is free of charge for visitors.
221 S. Grand St. , Los Angeles
▪Getty Center
The Getty, as locals call it, got the art worlds ( and everyone else's) attention when the institution opened up a white, hilltop museum designed by Richard Meier in 1997. Visitors access it via railway and then can explore the campus, taking in the views of the Pacific Ocean on one side and Downtown LA on the other. The collection isn't as strong as other top art institutions in LA but works by Van Gogh, Titian, and Renoir should please the art lover.
1200 Getty Center Dr. , Los Angeles
▪Hammer Museum
Located in Westwood and with the help of nearby UCLA, the Armand Hammer Museum exhibits a nice collection of contemporary art. Artists，work here includes that of Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, and Suzanne Lacy.
10899 Wilshire Blvd. ,Los Angeles
▪Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)
The largest art museum in the western United States, LACMA boasts a collection of 150,000 pieces of art which include all of a thousand years7 time. Well-known artists from every period and part of the world are represented here. Highlights include works by Constantin Brancusi, Matthew Barney, Frank Stella, Titian, Rembrandt, and Monet, among many others.
5905 Wilshire Blvd. ,Los Angeles
1.Which of the following is free for visitors?
A.Getty Center. B.Hammer Museum.
C.Los Angeles County Museum of Art. D.The Broad.
2.How do visitors usually get to Getty Center?
A.By air. B.By train. C.By ship. D.On foot.
3.What does Hammer Museum feature?
A.Art works of the present time. B.Exhibits of nearby UCLA.
C.A long history of itself. D.Art works of American artists.
听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。
1.What can you see in the museum?
A.The first airplane. B.A full size rocket. C.A large toy.
2.Where is the entry of the museum?
A.On the first floor. B.On the seventh floor. C.On the ground floor.
3.When is the museum closed?
A.On Thanksgiving. B.On Christmas. C.On Halloween.
4.How long is the museum open daily during school holidays?
A.7 hours. B.6 hours. C.8 hours.
Why does the man want to meet the manager?
A.To express his thanks. B.To get his phone back. C.To make an appointment.
