Question

    As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly sophisticated, there are growing concerns that robots could become a threat. This danger can be avoided, according to computer science professor Stuart Russell, if we figure out how to turn human values into a programmable code.

Russell argues that as robots take on more complicated tasks, it's necessary to translate our morals into AI language.

For example, if a robot does chores around the house, you wouldn't want it to put the pet cat in the oven to make dinner for the hungry children. “You would want that robot preloaded with a good set of values,” said Russell.

Some robots are already programmed with basic human values. For example, mobile robots have been programmed to keep a comfortable distance from humans. Obviously there are cultural differences, but if you were talking to another person and they came up close in your personal space, you wouldn't think that's the kind of thing a properly brought-up person would do.

It will be possible to create more sophisticated moral machines, if only we can find a way to set out human values as clear rules.

Robots could also learn values from drawing patterns from large sets of data on human behavior. They are dangerous only if programmers are careless.

The biggest concern with robots going against human values is that human beings fail to do sufficient testing and they've produced a system that will break some kind of taboo（禁忌).

One simple check would be to program a robot to check the correct course of action with a human when presented with an unusual situation.

If the robot is unsure whether an animal is suitable for the microwave, it has the opportunity to stop, send out beeps（嘟嘟声), and ask for directions from a human. If we humans aren't quite sure about a decision, we go and ask somebody else.

The most difficult step in programming values will be deciding exactly what we believe in moral, and how to create a set of ethical rules. But if we come up with an answer, robots could be good for humanity.

1.What does the author say about the threat of robots?

A.It may constitute a challenge to computer programmers.

B.It accompanies all machinery involving high technology.

C.It can be avoided if human values are translated into their language.

D.It has become an inevitable peril as technology gets more sophisticated.

2.What would we think of a person who invades our personal space according to the author?

A.They are aggressive. B.They are outgoing.

C.They are ignorant. D.They are ill-bred.

3.How do robots learn human values?

A.By interacting with humans in everyday life situations.

B.By following the daily routines of civilized human beings.

C.By picking up patterns from massive data on human behavior.

D.By imitating the behavior of property brought-up human beings.

4.What will a well-programmed robot do when facing an unusual situation?

A.Keep a distance from possible dangers. B.Stop to seek advice from a human being.

C.Trigger its built-in alarm system at once. D.Do sufficient testing before taking action.

Answer

1.C

2.D

3.C

4.B

【解析】

这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了随着人工智能(AI)变得越来越复杂，人们越来越担心机器人可能成为一种威胁。根据计算机科学教授斯图尔特·罗素的说法，如果我们能把人类的价值观转化为可编程的代码，这种危险是可以避免的。

1.细节理解题。根据第一段中的This danger can be avoided, according to computer science professor Stuart Russell, if we figure out how to turn human values into a programmable code.“根据计算机科学教授斯图尔特·罗素的说法，如果我们能把人类的价值观转化为可编程的代码，这种危险是可以避免的。可知，前一句机器人有可能会成为一种威胁，这一句提到如果我们可以想出能够把人类价值转换成计算机编码，这种威胁就可以避免。C项是原文的同义转换。故选C。

2.细节理解题。由invades our personal space可知第四段最后Obviously there are cultural differences, but if you were talking to another person and they came up close in your personal space, you wouldn't think that's the kind of thing a properly brought-up person would do.“显然，文化差异是存在的，但如果你和另一个人谈话，而他们就在你的私人空间里，你不会认为这是一个教养良好的人会做的事情。”可知，ill-bred意为“粗野的，没有教养的”。可知，根据作者的观点，我们会认为一个侵犯我们私人空间的人是粗野的。故选D。

3.细节理解题。题目中问到“机器人如何学习人类价值观”根据第六段Robots could also learn values from drawing patterns from large sets of data on human behavior.“机器人也可以通过从人类行为的大量数据中绘制模式来学习价值观。”可知，机器人从大量的人类行为数据中学习人类的价值观。故选C。

4.细节理解题。题干问“当面临一个非常规情景时，具有良好编程的机器人会怎么办”。根据倒数第二段中If the robot is unsure whether an animal is suitable for the microwave, it has the opportunity to stop, send out beeps（嘟嘟声), and ask for directions from a human.“如果机器人不确定动物是否适合使用微波炉，它有机会停下来，发出哔哔声，并向人类寻求求建议。”可知，一个程序良好的机器人在面对不寻常的情况时会停下来向别人寻求建议。故选B。