Question

    According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as a leader of a social group.

In the family, traditional cultural patterns award_________  to one or both of the parents. In other _______, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of _______.In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent _______ that there is any category of "natural leaders". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have _______; rather, practically any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has _______ that meet the needs of that particular group.

Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership _______ that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the _______ of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done". Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the _______well-beings of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing ____________ support to group members and attempting to decrease tension and conflict among them. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may ____________ group members who restrict attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more ____________ or primary relationship to others in the group.They offer ____________ when someone experiences difficulties and try to____________ issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal ______________ from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

1.A.burden B.leadership C.housework D.right

2.A.families B.societies C.cases D.researches

3.A.selection B.struggle C.recommendation D.register

4.A.evidence B.support C.approach D.pattern

5.A.in advance B.in brief C.in general D.in common

6.A.partners B.achievements C.skills D.qualities

7.A.selections B.roles C.challenges D.structures

8.A.assignment B.introduction C.completion D.division

9.A.joint B.financial C.social D.individual

10.A.political B.administrative C.emotional D.technical

11.A.discipline B.praise C.ignore D.identify

12.A.casual B.temporary C.personal D.stable

13.A.criticism B.sympathy C.estimate D.information

14.A.omit B.confuse C.raise D.resolve

15.A.imitation B.affection C.objection D.revenge

Answer

1.B

2.C

3.A

4.A

5.D

6.D

7.B

8.C

9.D

10.C

11.A

12.C

13.B

14.D

15.B

【解析】

本文是说明文。文章介绍了在不同的情况下成为领导者的方式不同，还介绍了两种不同类型的领导 “工具型的领导者”和“表现型的领导者”之间角色的不同。

1.考查名词词义辨析。句意：在家庭中，传统文化模式将领导权授予父母一方或双方。A. burden负担；B. leadership领导权，领导身份；C. housework家务；D. right权利。根据第一段中a person may become recognized as a leader of a social group可知，文章谈论的是社会群体的领导者。故选B项。

2.考查名词词义辨析。句意：在其他情况下，如友谊型团体，一人或多人可能逐渐成为领导者。A. families家庭；B. societies社会；C. cases情况，案例，例子；D. researches研究。短语in …case“在…情况下”。故选C项。

3.考查名词词义辨析。句意：在其他情况下，如友谊团体，一个或多个人可能逐渐成为领导者，尽管没有正式的选择程序。A. selection精心挑选；B. struggle挣扎，斗争；C. recommendation推荐，建议；D. register登记。根据下一句…through election or recruitment(通过选举或招募)可知，在小的群体中，领导者可以是不经过挑选而产生。故选A项。

4.考查名词词义辨析。句意：但几十年的研究并未能产生一致的证据，证明存在 “天生的领导者”这一类。A. evidence证据；B. support支持；C. approach方法；D. pattern模式。人们认为领导者都是有非同寻常的个人能力，但是多年的研究并没有提供这方面的证据。故选A项。

5.考查介词短语辨析。句意：似乎并不存在所有领导人共同具有的一系列的个人素质。A. in advance提前，预先；B. in brief简要地；C. in general一般来说；D. in common有共同之处。短语have…in common “有共同之处”。符合句意。故选D项。

6.考查名词词义辨析。句意：相反，实际上，如果具有满足该特定群体需要的素质，任何人都可能被认可为领导者。 A. partners伙伴；B. achievements成就；C. skills技能，技术；D. qualities素质，品德， 质量。根据上一句中的personal qualities，可知这里谈论的是领导者具有的个人素质。故选D项。

7.考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，比较典型的是两种不同的领导角色是由不同的个人担任的。A. selections精心挑选；B. roles作用，角色；C. challenges挑战；D. structures结构。根据下文As the difference in these two roles suggest（正如这两种角色所暗示的不同之处）可知，应是两种不同的领导角色。故选B项。

8.考查名词词义辨析。句意：工具型的领导强调某个社会群体任务的完成。 A. assignment任务，分配，指定，委派；B. introduction介绍；导言；C. completion完成；D. division分开，分隔。根据下一句Group members look to instrumental leaders to"get things done"（小组成员期待工具型领导者“把事情做好”）可知，这种类型的人是强调完成任务。故选C项。

9.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：另一方面，表现型领导是强调社会群体成员个人福利的领导。A. joint联合的；B. financial金融的；C. social社会的；D. individual个人的。从下文提到的personal relationship可知。故选D项。

10.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：表现型领导者不太关心群体的总体目标，而是更多地关注给群体成员提供情感方面的支持。A.political政治的；B. administrative行政的；C. emotional情感的；D. technical技术的。根据后一句attempting to decrease tension and conflict among them（试图减少他们之间的紧张和冲突）可知，表现型的领导更多地关注群体成员之间情感方面的问题。故选C项。

11.考查动词词义辨析。句意：（工具性领导者）可能约束那些会制约实现团体目标的小组成员。A. discipline约束，使有纪律；B. praise表扬；C. ignore忽视，不理会；D. identify识别，鉴定。上文提到instrumental leadership注重团体任务的完成，因此对妨碍群体目标实现的小组成员,工具型领导会管束他们。故选A项。

12.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：表现型的领导者与群体其他人之间培养了更个人的或基础的关系。A. casual随意的；B. temporary临时的；C. personal个人的；D. stable稳定的。下文提到expressive leaders generally receive more personal ____15____ from group members（表现型的领导者通常会从团队成员那里得到更多的个人情感）可知，表现型的领导者与群体成员之间个人关系紧密。故选C项。

13.考查名词词义辨析。句意：当群体中有人遇到困难时，他们会表示同情。A. criticism批评；B. sympathy同情；C. estimate估计，估算；D. information信息。

根据上文with providing emotional support 可知，表现型的领导更多的是对群体成员提供情感上的支持。当他们遇到困难时，会帮他们解决问题。故选B项。

14.考查动词词义辨析。句意：当群体中有人遇到困难时，他们会表示同情，并试图解决可能导致群体分裂的问题。A. omit省略；B. confuse使混淆；C. raise提高；D. resolve解决。当群体中出现会威胁到群体分裂的问题时，表现型的领导者会去解决这些问题。故选D项。

15.考查名词词义辨析。句意：正如这两种角色的不同所显示的那样，表现型的领导者通常会从群体成员那里得到更多的个人情感。A. imitation模仿；B. affection情感；C. objection反对；D. revenge报复，复仇。上文提到Expressive leaders cultivate a more _____12_____ or primary relationship to others in the group， 表现型的领导和群体成员之间关系更倾向于个人之间的关系，因此从群体成员那里也会得到个人的情感回报。故选B项。