Question

    In 1960，Douglas McGregor developed a leadership theory about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions(看法)about people.He referred to these two perceptions as Theory X and Theory Y．Douglas then arrived at the conclusion that the style of leadership depends on the manager's perception of people.

In Theory X，Douglas summarizes the traditional view of management in a number of characteristic assumptions in which authoritarian(专制的)leadership style，close supervision and the hierarchical principle are the key elements.Theory X starts from the assumption that people are naturally lazy，want to avoid work as much as possible，have no ambition and prefer to be supervised.The authoritarian leadership style is therefore the most appropriate leadership style.The system of rewards and punishments works best for employees.

Douglas starts from the assumption in Theory Y that people have different needs.Theory Y assumes that people are inherently happy to work，they want to exert themselves and they are motivated to pursue objectives.There is no need for the system that involves rewards and punishments.People are prepared to take responsibility for everything they do.People want to use their creativity and they like to take a creative problem solving approach.

The central principle of Theory Y is that of integration：individuals can achieve their own goals by also focusing their efforts on the objectives of the organization they work for.They want to get the most out of their work through satisfaction，appreciation and motivation.Theory Y therefore assumes that control，rewards and punishments are not the only ways to stimulate people.

A democratic leadership style arises on the basis of Theory Y which allows the employees to have a greater say.Encouragement and rewards are used rather than control and supervision.Employees are given an opportunity to develop themselves and put their capabilities to good use.When an organization does not respond to this，employees will start looking for possibilities to explore their skills outside their work.

1.According to Douglas，what mainly determines a manager's working style?

A.What he expects to achieve in work.

B.What his own personality is.

C.What he thinks employees are like.

D.What he is in charge of in a company.

2.Which of the following statements is true according to Theory Y?

A.Employees have the motivation to work and achieve.

B.Rewards should never be involved in work place.

C.Responsible people are always well prepared for work.

D.Creativity will encourage employees to solve problems.

3.What is the biggest difference between the two theories?

A.To control or encourage. B.To reward or punish.

C.To suspect or respect. D.To instruct or follow.

4.What would be the best title for the text?

A.Douglas，Thinker of Management

B.How to Manage Your Employees

C.Douglas' X Y Theory of Management

D.The Roles of Managers and Employees

Answer

1.C

2.A

3.A

4.C

【解析】

这是一篇说明文。主要介绍道格拉斯•麦格雷戈（Douglas McGregor）在1960年提出了一种关于组织和管理的领导理论，其中他代表了两种对立的对人的看法。他将这两种观点称为x理论和y理论，然后得出结论，即领导风格取决于管理者对人的看法。

1.细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句Douglas then arrived at the conclusion that the style of leadership depends on the manager's perception of people.可知，道格拉斯认为经理对员工的看法决定了他的领导风格。故选C项。

2.推理判断题。根据第三段Theory Y assumes that people are inherently happy to work, they want to exert themselves and they are motivated to pursue objectives. Y理论假设人们天生乐于工作，他们想要努力工作，他们有追求目标的动力。可知，根据Y理论，员工有工作和成就的动力。故选A项。

3.推理判断题。根据第二段中The system of rewards and punishments works best for employees. 奖惩制度对员工最有效；第三段中They want to get the most out of their work through satisfaction，appreciation and motivation.他们希望通过满足、欣赏和激励来最大限度地利用工作。可知，这两种理论最大的区别是用奖惩制度控制员工或通过满足、欣赏和鼓励员工。故选A项。

4.主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了道格拉斯•麦格雷戈（Douglas McGregor）在1960年提出了一种关于组织和管理的领导理论，其中他代表了两种对立的对人的看法。他将这两种观点称为x理论和y理论，然后得出结论，即领导风格取决于管理者对人的看法。所以，选项C是最合适的标题。故选C项。