Summary Writing
Blowing a Few Tops
Ever stopped to consider the upside of volcanic eruptions? It’s not all deaths, destruction and hot lava---scientists have a plan to cool the planet by simulating one. It would probably work, but it could have devastating consequence, and there is nothing to stop any country or company from deploying the technology.
Solar geo-engineering(气候工程) involves simulating an erupting volcano by spraying aerosols (气溶胶) into the atmosphere. When they combine with oxygen, droplets of acid form. These droplets reflect sunlight away from Earth, cooling the planet. All good in theory, but the consequences are largely unknown and a few could be disastrous. In a study recently published, researchers led by Anthony Jones, a climate scientist from the University of Exeter, found that using this technology in the Northern hemisphere could reduce the number of tropical cyclones hitting the U.S. and Caribbean. But there’s a worrying problem: more cyclones in the Southern hemisphere and a drought across the Sahel region of Africa. That’s because the entries climate system is linked--- disrupting one region will invariably affect another. How would a nation react if another was causing its weather to get much worse? Would that be an act of war?
There is, however, a case for using solar geo-engineering on a global case. Jones says it could be used to “take the edge of “the temperature increases scientists are predicting. It could be used while the world searches for more effective strategies.
The study also highlights a far bigger problem with solar geo-engineering: its complete lack of regulation. “There is nothing that could stop one country just doing it,” Jones says. “It’s deeply disturbing that we have this technology that could have such a massive influence in the climate, yet there’s just no regulation to stop countries or even organizations from doing it.”
Jones cautions that there is much about the climate system we do not understand, as well as more work that will need to be done before solar geo-engineering is deemed safe—or too dangerous to even discuss.
Translation
1.最低工资的不断提高可能会使雇主们不愿意雇佣缺乏经验的年轻人，他在阿里巴巴工作过五年， 所以在经验方面， 他较其他求职者而言有着明显的优势。 （ term ）
2.只有相关各方更多地关注青少年，他们才能形成正确的价值观，并且能够明白这样一个道理： 每个人都要为自己的决定负责，因为人生就是一系列的选择。 （Only ）
3.为了缓解市中心的交通的压力，当地政府年初公布了私家车使用的计划， 令大家满意的是政府采取的这项措施比预期更有效。 （release）
4.人们从来没有像今天这样如此关注他们的饮食， 意识到健康重要性的人们越来越关注食品安全与膳食均衡 的问题， 这是保持健康的关键。 （Never）
5.尽管经济不景气， 但我公司估计，今年的增长率仍会达到 6%， 多年以来，我公司一直致力于产品质量的管理，以期能够更好地服务于大众。 ( committed)
How to protect children Web fans from unsuitable material on-line while encouraging them to use the Internet has long been discussed in the U.S.
1.. But jungles contain wonders as well as dangers and with good guides, some education, and a few precautions , the wilds of the Internet can be safely navigated . “Kids have to be on-line. If we tell our kids they can’t have access(机会) to the Internet, we’re cutting them off from their future,” said an expert.
Most kids have started to use search engines. 2.. There are search engines designed just for kids. A certain software contains only sites that have been selected as safe. The most popular way to limit access would be to use what is known as a “content screener(过滤器)”. But this can’t be wholly reliable , and the best thing parents can do is to talk to their kids and let them know what is OK or not OK to see or do on the Internet.3.
A few other tips
●Don’t put the PC in a child’s room but keep it in an area where mum or dad can keep an eye on things. That also makes the Internet more of a family activity.
●4.
●Tell your child not to give on-line strangers personal information, especially like address and phone number.
●And tell your children never to talk to anyone they meet on-line over the phone, send them anything, accept anything from them or agree to meet with them unless you go along.
A. Many of them are great for finding tons of interesting Internet sites, and they can also locate places where you might not want your kids to go.
B. Another way is that mum or dad is nearby when the child is surfing the Internet.
C. Ask your child what he or she has been doing and about any friends they make on-line.
D. For some parents, the Internet can seem like a jungle, filled with danger for their children.
E. Most kids are taught to have started to use search engines.
F. Don’t give online strangers personal information.
Visit the grocery store on an empty stomach, and you will probably come home with a few things you had not planned to buy. But hunger is not the only culprit behind such purchases. The location of store displays also influences our shopping and may make or break some healthy eating habits.
The checkout area is a particular hotspot for junk food. Studies have found that the products most commonly found there are sugary and salty snacks-and a few studies have suggested that simply swapping in healthier options can shift customer behavior. A 2012 study in the Netherlands found that hospital workers were more likely to give up junk food for healthy snacks when the latter were more readily available on canteen shelves, for example, In 2014 Norwegain and Icelandic researcher likewise found that replacing unhealthy items with healthy ones in the checkout area significantly increased last-minutes sales of healthier foods.
These findings caught the attention of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, which has been working with more than 1,000 store owners to encourage them to stock and promote consumption,” says Tamar Adjoian, a research scientist at the department. “Making healthy food more convenient or appealing can lead to increased sales of those products.”
Adjoian and her colleagues wondered if such findings would apply to their city’s dense urban checkout areas, so they recruited three Bronx supermarkets for their own study. They gave one checkout line in each store a healthy makeover, replacing candy, cookies and other processed snacks with fruit , nuts and similar items containing 200 or fewer calories per serving. Then they recorded purchases over six three-hour periods in each store for two weeks.
Of the more than 2,100 shoppers they observed, just 4 precent bought anything from the checkout area. Among those who did, however, customers in the healthy lines purchased nutritious items more than twice as often as those in the standard lines –and they bought unhealthy items 40 percent less often. The findings were reported in September in the Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior.
The potential impact may seem small, but Adjoian believes that converting more checkout lines would open customers’ eyes to nutritious, lower-calories foods. Health department officials are now exploring ways to expand healthy options at checkout areas throughout New York City.
1.The word “ culprit” in Para. 1 is closest in meaning to _____in the passage.
A.something to blame B.something related to culture
C.something that results D.something concealed
2.The findings of the 2012 study and the 2014 study proved that _____.
A.shops put great emphasis on increase in last-minute sales of food.
B.healthier options were rarely seen in company canteens or in supermarket.
C.customers’ shopping behavior could be changed by what is easily available.
D.sugary and salty snacks were among the most common items in checkout areas.
3.Why does the writer say “ the potential impact may seem small” in the last paragraph?
A.Only a little attention has been drawn to Adjoian’s research
B.Only several healthy items are displayed and then purchased.
C.Only three Bronx supermarkets have been involved in the study.
D.Only a small proportion of shoppers buy things from checkout areas.
4.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A.Behavior that Matters B.Healthy See, Healthy Do
C.Changing Checkout Areas D.Shoppers and Their Needs
Speaking in Clicks
Click sounds, such as those found in some languages in Africa, make perfectly good consonants. So why do they appear so rarely in most human speech? One culprit may be anatomy(骨骼).
Previous studies have suggested that in some speakers of click languages, the alveolar ridge(齿龈) the rounded bump between the upper teeth and the roof of the mouth-is small or even absent. In recent research, Scott Moisik of Nanyang Technological University in Singapore and Dan Dediu of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, built biomechanical models that simulated clicks in vocal tracts(声道) with alveolar ridges of varying sizes. Their results, published in January in the Journal of Language Evolution, showed a clear disadvantage for tracts with large edges. These allowed less air to be trapped in the mouth, requiring more muscular force to produce a click.
The authors interpret this finding as support for an anatomical bias against clicks. They believe the bias is probably weak at the individual level; people with large alveolar ridges can still learn click consonants or that their pronunciations may be wrong. Amplified over generations, this bias might explain why such consonants are so rarely found in language worldwide.
These results are not the first to challenge the traditional premise among linguists that language evolution is largely immune to external factors. Several other researchers have recently argued that geographical context, environmental conditions and genetics could all play a role. But Moisik and Dediu’s work goes a step further by singling out a single feature of human anatomy and quantifying its contribution to a particular type of speech sound.
Susanne Fuchs, senior researcher at the Leibniz Center of General Linguistics in Berlin, who was not involved in the work, says the study’s conclusions are valid. But she cautions that they may present a chicken-and-egg problem: “The palate( 味蕾) shape of an individual matures from early childhood to puberty and , may be affected by frequent productions of clicks,” Fuchs says, “Therefore, over the course of history, it may well be that vocal tract properties and click productions developed in parallel.
1.The underlined word “one culprit” in Paragraph 1 means _____.
A.something that must cause suffering
B.something that may be the cause
C.something that could be concluded
D.something that never happened before.
2.According to the findings by Moisik and Dediu, who can make click sounds easily?
A.People with a small or absent alveolar ridge.
B.People with strong muscles inside the mouth
C.People with a normal alveolar rid.
D.People with a large alveolar ridge.
3.Which of the following statements is true?
A.People with large alveolar ridges cannot learn click language.
B.Having less air trapped in the mouth makes it easier to produce a click.
C.Both Moisik and Dediu believe that language evolution is largely independent of external factors.
D.Language evolution may be subject to geographical context, environmental conditions and genetics.
4.What is Susanne Fuchs most likely to agree with?
A.The conclusions of the study by Moisik and Dediu are unreliable.
B.Vocal tract properties and click productions might evolve at the same time.
C.Frequent productions of clicks decide the palate shape of an individual.
D.The palate shape of an individual decides whether one can produce click sounds.
University Shotokan Karate Club
Learn Karate—self-defense and fitness
The university karate club was founded in 1962. All grades from beginners to advanced are welcome. The classes are suitable for both men and women and several women have obtained their black belt.
TUESDAY AND THURSDAY
6.00—8.00 p.m.
WEAVER HOUSE GYM
FIRST LESSON FREE
Hardly any of us have experienced real violence, but, over the last few years, attacks on innocent people have increased. Each of us has some ability to defend ourselves, and by learning a form of self-defence, we are not only increasing that ability, but also doing something to build our own sense of respect. Karate will show you a lot of simple and effective techniques to protect yourself, giving you increase self-confidence.
Far too many people think martial arts (武术) are about violence. Martial arts training is based on a lot of respect, self-discipline, self-control and non-violence. We learn basic etiquette, courtesy and tolerance. Good manners and consideration for others are expected at all times.
Karate is the practice of blocking and striking techniques for the purpose of self-defence, health and self-development. Karate exercises the entire body. Techniques are practised on both sides of the body, therefore muscle imbalances do not occur and the strength, coordination, flexibility and agility of both sides of the body are improved. Regular training in Karate improves the body’s physical endurance and flexibility. It also helps concentration and produces the mental calm and assurance that come from knowing we can defend ourselves.
Karate has many benefits but they do not come easily or overnight. Training requires ongoing commitment and hard work. Some of you will give up, but a few of you will get your black belt.
1.The passage is mainly intended to_________.
A.tell readers the benefits of Karate
B.attract readers to join the club
C.encourage people to get their black belt
D.correct people’s misunderstand of Karate
2.What can be learned about University Shotokan Karate Club?
A.More men than women have been its members.
B.It tests members to see what level they are at.
C.Members don’t need to pay for the lessons.
D.It offers 4 hours of lessons every week.
3.According to the passage, which of the following statements about Karate is true?
A.It cultivates people’s respect for themselves as well as for others.
B.It involves people’s arm muscles more than body muscles
C.It makes people healthy physically instead of mentally.
D.It focuses as much on self-defence as on attack.
