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A great many parents send their children to pre-schools - educational programs for children under the age of five. It has been said that this is the time period when the brain does over fifty percent of its growing. This could mean that the learning process should be introduced during these years.
However, the views that different societies hold regarding the purpose of early childhood education are not same. Whereas Chinese parents tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically, parents in the United States regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more independent and self-reliant.
Preschools can operate under a guiding philosophy of play-based or academic learning. Play-based programs are guided by the central belief that children learn best through play. Play is thought to build children’s interest and love of learning. Academic programs emphasize reading, math and science, and use structured, teacher-directed activities to promote foundational skills in these areas. In the United States, the best-known program designed to promote future academic success is Head Start. The program, which stresses parental involvement, was designed to serve the “whole child”, including children’s physical health, self-confidence, social responsibility, and social and emotional development.
A recent evaluation suggests that preschoolers who participate in Head Start are less likely to repeat grades, and more likely to complete school in future. Furthermore, graduates of Head Start programs show higher academic performance at the end of high school, although the gains are modest. In addition, results from other types of preschool readiness programs indicate that for every dollar spent on the program, taxpayers saved seven dollars by the time the graduates reached the age of 27.
Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing. In fact, according to developmental psychologist David Elkind, United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age. Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors such as inherited abilities and a child’s rate of maturation, which parents can do nothing about. Consequently, children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development. In short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.
Early Childhood Education | |
Reasons for attending preschools | •The 1. of the brain matures under the age of five. •Parents’ expectations of preschools 2. greatly. |
3. of preschools | •Some programs 4. on play activities while others on academic activities. •Parents are 5. in some preschool programs. |
Benefits of attending preschools | •Graduates are better 6. for future schooling. •Graduates may achieve higher grades at high school. •It can be 7. for households in the long term. |
8. about preschools | •Children feel pressured at a young age. •Factors determining academic success are 9. parents’ control. •Early childhood education must be 10. with children’s development and characteristics. |
One morning, when Gregor Samsa woke from troubled dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a horrible insect. He lay on his armor-like back, and if he lifted his head a little he could see his brown belly, slightly domed and divided by arches into stiff sections. The bedding was hardly able to cover it and seemed ready to slide off any moment. His many legs, pitifully thin compared with the size of the rest of him, waved about helplessly as he looked.
“What’s happened to me?” he thought. It wasn’t a dream. His room, a proper human room although a little too small, lay peacefully between its four familiar walls. A collection of textile samples lay spread out on the table-Samsa was a travelling salesman-and above it there hung a picture that he had recently cut out of an illustrated magazine and housed in a nice, gilded frame. It showed a lady fitted out with a fur hat and fur scarf who sat upright, raising a heavy fur muff(暖手筒)that covered the whole of her lower arm towards the viewer.
Gregor then turned to look out the window at the dull weather. Drops of rain could be heard hitting the window, which made him feel quite sad. “How about if I sleep a little bit longer and forget all this nonsense,” he thought, but that was something he was unable to do because he was used to sleeping on his right, and in his present state couldn’t get into that position. However hard he threw himself onto his right, he always rolled back to where he was. He must have tried it a hundred times, shut his eyes so that he wouldn’t have to look at the floundering legs, and only stopped when he began to feel a mild, dull pain there that he had never felt before.
He thought, “What a heavy career it is that I’ve chosen! Travelling day in and day out. Doing business like this takes much more effort than doing your own business at home, and on top of that there's the curse of travelling, worries about making train connections, bad and irregular food, contact with different people all the time so that you can never get to know anyone or become friendly with them.” He felt a slight itch up on his belly; pushed himself slowly up on his back towards the headboard so that he could lift his head better; found where the itch was, and saw that it was covered with lots of little white spots which he didn’t know what to make of; and when he tried to feel the place with one of his legs he drew it quickly back because as soon as he touched it he was overcome by a cold tremble.
He slid back into his former position. “Getting up early all the time,” he thought, “it makes you stupid. You’ve got to get enough sleep. Other travelling salesmen live a life of luxury. For instance, whenever I go back to the guest house during the morning to copy out the contract, these gentlemen are always still sitting there eating their breakfasts. I ought to just try that with my boss; I’d get kicked out on the spot. But who knows, maybe that would be the best thing for me. If I didn’t have my parents to think about I’d have given in my notice a long time ago, I’d have gone up to the boss and told him just what I think, tell him everything I would, let him know just what I feel. He’d fall right off his desk! And it’s a funny sort of business to be sitting up there at your desk, talking down at your inferiors from up there, especially when you have to go right up close because the boss is hard of hearing. Well, there’s still some hope; once I’ve got the money together to pay off my parents’ debt to him-another five or six years I suppose-that’s definitely what I’ll do. That’s when I’ll make the big change. First of all though, I’ve got to get up, my train leaves at five.”
1.According to the passage, Gregor initially believes his transformation is a ____.
A.curse B.disease C.nightmare D.fraud
2.The word “floundering” in paragraph most nearly means ____.
A.struggling B.painful C.pitiful D.trembling
3.The author most likely includes a description of Gregor’s itch in paragraph 4 to ____.
A.remind the reader that Gregor has already turned into an insect
B.stress the disconnection between Gregors’ thoughts and his actual situation
C.present important details about what Gregor’s new body looks like
D.show that Gregor’s thoughts are focused on the changes to his body
4.The passage most strongly suggests which of the following about Gregor’s attitude toward his profession?
A.He is angry. B.He is eager to please.
C.He is depressed. D.He is diligent.
5.What central idea does the excerpt(节选)communicate through Gregor’s experiences?
A.Imagination is a dangerous thing. B.People are fearful of change.
C.Dreams become our reality. D.Man is a slave to work.
6.The main rhetorical(修辞的)effect of the final sentence of the excerpt (“First of all though, I've got to get up, my train leaves at five”) is to ____.
A.provide a solution to the conflict Gregor faces
B.foretell the conflict between Gregor and his boss
C.illustrate Gregor’s flexibility and ability to move on
D.emphasize Gregor’s extreme sense of duty
Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant(执行令)if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
California has asked the justices to restore the practice that the police may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The court would be careless if it followed California's advice. Enough of the implications are recognizable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
They should start by casting away California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone-- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect's purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.
As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be very difficult for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still ignore Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.
But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New, destructive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of cars; similarly, they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
1.The Supreme Court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legal to ____.
A.search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant
B.check suspects' phone contents without being authorized
C.prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents
D.prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones
2.The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of ____.
A.tolerance. B.indifference C.disapproval D.cautiousness
3.In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that ____.
A.principles are hard to be clearly expressed
B.the court is giving police less room for action
C.phones are used to store sensitive information
D.citizens' privacy is not effective protected
4.Orin Kerr's comparison is quoted to indicate that ____.
A.the Constitution should be carried out flexibly
B.New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution
C.California's argument violates principles of the Constitution
D.Principles of the Constitution should never be changed
What I used to find attractive about journalism was that it brought you into contact with a huge range of interesting people, or at least people to whom interesting things had happened. But is that true? If I were coming in now, would I find journalism as attractive a job as when I first earned my pay- cheque 30 years ago?
The problem is the impact of the internet on how we write our stories. We all know the benefits that the web has provided. It has enabled journalists, along with everyone else, to find instant answers to almost any question, no matter how unusual. It has hugely quickened the gathering and spreading of news. And if the appearance of informed and readable amateur “bloggers” has forced journalists - the supposed professionals - to sharpen up our act, so much the better.
But the revolution has brought one huge negative pressure on journalists. Because the internet seems to include everything, we are deeply addicted to it. Now we spend most of our working hours in our offices, staring at screen. Oral contact with people in the outside world is heavily reduced. Face-to-face communication seems so 20th-century, such a waste of time.
This attitude not only limits the journalist’s ability to understand the complexities of the world. It also leads to what I call “hall of mirrors” reporting, in which the media village chews and chews on the same few subjects, which are often of far more interest to media staff than ordinary people.
This isn’t a cry for the days when journalists spent half their week talking to people. But it’s a request for those who claim to report the world’s affairs to get out more - to experience life at first hand, or at least to talk regularly with those who do. What many journalists report now is not reality, but virtual reality: human existence as known through a computer screen.
But perhaps that’s the way humanity in general is going. It would be funny if the communication revolution of the past 20 years ended up killing the greatest form of communication ever developed. “We should start a Campaign for Real Conversation,” I said to a colleague the other morning. “Good idea,” he replied. “Send me an e-mail.”
1.What benefits has the internet brought to journalism according to the article?
① a variety of information
② fast speed of collecting and spreading news
③ appearance of bloggers
④ better written news stories
A.①② B.②③ C.②④ D.①④
2.The underlined phrase “the greatest form of communication” refers to ____.
A.using the internet for news reporting
B.communicating with people by e-mail
C.talking to people face to face
D.“hall of mirrors” reporting
3.The author thinks ____ in the future.
A.the internet will promote the journalism industry
B.more and more journalists will go out to experience life
C.journalists will do the same as they do now
D.the internet will put an end to the journalism industry
Cineworld makes viewers part of the action for the greatest big screen viewing experience. Get your tickets now to see why this winter’s films are truly unmissable.
What you get
Cineworld is the UK’s Number 1 cinema chain. With cinemas across the UK showing a wide range of films, there’s always something to thrill or delight film fans of all ages at Cineworld.
Cineworld is devoted to saving you money too. Simply exchange £ 4.50 in Clubcard vouchers for 1 token code. Exchange it for 1 adult ticket and you’ll get yourself a seat for some big screen excitement.
With as many as 10 films released each week, you’ll know there’s always a new and exciting reason to return to Cineworld time and again. You can now book your Cineworld tickets online to secure your seat so you never miss out on the action.Click here to find your nearest cinema. Have a good time.
How to place your order
1. Select the quantity of token codes you’d like, using the basket on the right. Any change left over from your Clubcard vouchers will be added back into your Clubcard Account.
2. We’ll aim to send you two emails within 30 minutes --- please note this may take longer due to additional security checks. One will be your order confirmation. The other will contain your token codes and instructions on how to use them.
3. Print the email containing your token codes and take it with you to the cinema.
Or
Book your Cineworld tickets online at www. Cineworld.com.
Additional information: Please Click Here
1.Which of the following is true?
A.This advertisement is probably taken from a magazine.
B.For every adult ticket you will have to pay £ 4.50 in cash.
C.You will receive two emails after you place your order using the basket.
D.Cineworld encourages viewers to be involved in its management for experience.
2.This advertisement is mainly about ____.
A.a way of booking film tickets
B.a certain Clubcard
C.some unmissable films this winter
D.the company of Cineworld
When I was a teenager, my dad did everything he could to discourage me from becoming a brewer. He’d spent his life in local breweries, ______ making a living, as had his father and grandfather before him.
So I did as he asked. I went to business school and got a highly paid job at a business-consulting firm. ______, after working there five years, I was obsessed by ______. Is this what I want to be doing when I’m 50?
I remembered that some time before, my dad had been cleaning out the attic and ______ some old beer ______. “Today’s beer is ______ water that can hold a head,” he’d told me.
I agreed. Americans pay good money for ______ beer, I thought. Why not make good beer for Americans using my family way?
I decided to quit my job to become a brewer. When I told Dad, I was hoping he’d put his arm around me and get ______ about continuing tradition. Instead he said, “Jim, that is the ______ thing I’ve ever heard!”
____ Dad objected, in the end he became my new company’s first ______, coughing up $40,000 when I opened the Boston Beer Company in 1984. Going from my fancy office to being a brewer was like mountain climbing: exciting, liberating but ______. All my safety nets were gone.
Once the beer was made, I faced my biggest ______ yet: no one had ever heard of it. I needed a name that was ______ and elegant, so I called my beer Samuel Adams, ______ the brewer and patriot who helped to found the Boston Tea Party.
The only way to get the word out, I realized, was to sell direct. I filled my briefcase with beer and ____ every bar in Boston. Six weeks later, at the Great American Beer Festival, Sam Adams Boston Lager won the top prize for American beer. The rest is history. It wasn’t supposed to ______ this way - what ever does? - but in the end I was ______ to be a brewer.
My advice to all young enterprisers is simple: life is very long, so don’t ______ to make decisions. Life doesn’t let you ______.
1.A.easily B.barely C.readily D.adequately
2.A.Still B.Otherwise C.Though D.Anyhow
3.A.fear B.desire C.regret D.doubt
4.A.brought about B.picked out C.put down D.came across
5.A.receipts B.cans C.recipes D.labels
6.A.basically B.particularly C.roughly D.exactly
7.A.inferior B.superb C.fake D.sour
8.A.miserable B.amused C.thrilled D.concerned
9.A.smartest B.stupidest C.toughest D.rudest
10.A.As soon as B.As much as C.As far as D.As long as
11.A.employer B.customer C.salesman D.investor
12.A.inspiring B.relaxing C.frightening D.pushing
13.A.opportunity B.decision C.obstacle D.defeat
14.A.understandable B.recognizable C.honorable D.respectable
15.A.after B.by C.as D.for
16.A.hit B.got C.called D.promoted
17.A.make out B.reach out C.work out D.set out
18.A.appointed B.considered C.destined D.intended
19.A.hesitate B.need C.wait D.rush
20.A.delay B.plan C.dream D.prepare
