The study of psychology is facing a crisis. The Research Excellence Framework (the Ref) has led to a research culture which is holding back attempts to stabilize psychology in particular, and science in general. The Ref encourages universities to push for groundbreaking innovative, and exciting research in the form of 4* papers, but it does not reward the efforts of those who replicate studies.
The point of replicating a study is to test whether a statistically significant result will appear again if the experiment is repeated. Of course, a similar result may not appear – casting into questions the validity of the results from the first experiment.
Last year, the Open Science Collaboration attempted to replicate 100 studies from highly ranked psychological journalists. While 97% of the original studies had a statistically significant result, just 36% of the replications had the same outcome. Equally worrying: when an effect did appear, it was often much smaller than previously thought.
Recent data calls into question some widely influential findings in psychological science. These problems are not confined to psychology however – many findings published in scientific literature may actually be false.
Science is supposed to be self-correcting and reproducible is a cornerstone of the scientific method. Yet, we simply aren't invested in replicating findings. We all want to be good researchers and understand more about how the world works. So why are we so reluctant to check our conclusions are valid?
Because no incentive is provided by the system we carry out our research in. In the UK, the Ref ranks the published works of researchers according to their originality (how innovative is the research?), significance (does it have practical or commercial importance?), and rigour (is the research technically right?). Outputs are then awarded one to four stars. 4* papers are considered world-leading. The cumulative total of 3* and 4* papers determines research funding allocation and has a knock-on effect on institutional position in league tables(排名表) and therefore attractiveness to students. Obviously, the more publications, the better.
Worrying, many academics admit to engaging in at least one questionable research practice in order to achieve publication. Examples of this include: coming up with a theory after data is collected, stopping collecting data when an effect appears in case it disappears later, or only reporting the significant effects from collected data. Others simply fabricate data-Dutch psychologist Diederik Stapel shockingly falsified data from more than 50 studies.
The Ref completely harms our efforts to produce a reliable body of knowledge. Why? The focus on originality – publications exploring new areas of research using new paradigms, and avoiding testing well-established theories – is the exact opposite of what science needs to be doing to solve the troubling replication crisis. According to Ref standards, replicating an already published piece of work is simply uninteresting.
With the next Ref submission just four years away, many researchers are effectively faced with a choice: be a good scientist, or be a successful academic who gets funding and a promotion.
1.What crisis is the study of psychology facing?
A.The Ref has led to a revolution in not only psychology but also science.
B.The universities are encouraged to generate more groundbreaking research.
C.The Ref’s indifference to replications of studies has led to worrying effects.
D.The Ref tends to set up a different standard for replications of studies.
2.What do the numbers in Para. 3 indicate?
A.Scientific studies may not prove scientific.
B.Science needs to be updated frequently.
C.Journals should be stricter with studies,
D.It is getting hard to count on scientists.
3.The Ref's focus on originality has brought about ___________.
A.a reliable body of knowledge
B.publications exploring new areas
C.tests of well-established theories
D.uninteresting replications of studies
4.We can infer from the passage that the Ref ____________.
A.is a system for assessing the quality of research in UK universities
B.provides UK researchers with funding and job opportunities
C.recognizes researchers' work and adds to their attractiveness to students
D.is planning to change its standard before the next Ref submission
5.What does the writer mean by saying ''be a good scientist''?
A.Reform the standards that have been set up by the Ref.
B.Avoid using false research practices to test old theories.
C.Give up possible funding and promotion given by universities.
D.Contribute to the solution to the replication crisis.
Adulting is hard. While high school students are at the forefront of technological and learning skills, it's often not until they leave home that they learn everyday life skills. Some believe that high schools should offer a commonsense course in which students are taught how to pay bills, change a tire or cook. Now, one Kentucky school is offering an ''adulting day'' to teach such skills to students in their senior year.
The class of 2019 at Bullitt Central High School in Shepherdsville, Ky., traded in their algebra and literature classes for a day to learn some positive life skills, according to Wave 3 News.
''I think that the idea occurred to me, originally, when I saw a Facebook post that parents passed around saying they needed a class in high school on taxes and cooking, '' Christy Hardin, director of the BCHS Family Resource & Youth Services Center, told Wave 3. ''Our kids can get that, but they have to choose it. And ''Wednesday'' was a day they could pick and choose pieces they didn't feel like they had gotten so far. ''
Members of the community helped provide the lessons for the students one on one, including local police who taught them how to interact with officers during traffic stops, a speaker who explained how to decipher the difference between homesickness and depression, and others who discussed how to use credit cards, how to cook in a dorm room and how to change a tire.
While many people on Facebook applauded the idea, with some arguing, ''This should be taught in every high school, '' others wondered what became of home economics.
Now known as Family and Consumer Sciences, these courses teach students how to cook, sew and budget, along with other skills. In many districts, however, the classes are electives and students do not always choose to take them.
''About time this came back, it was called Home Economics, '' one woman wrote. ''In today's diverse make up of families it would be a welcome addition. ''
Another shared, ''We had home economics that taught us to cook and learned how to sew. We also had business math that taught us banking and finances. Why in the world is that not taught today? I mean, a special day called adulting to teach kids this stuff? Should be a required class credit. ''
1.What can we infer from the first paragraph?
A.High school students are too busy to learn everyday life skills.
B.The schools in other districts have never taught everyday life skills to students.
C.High school students are advanced in technological and learning skills.
D.High school students are lacking in everyday life skills.
2.What put BCHS in the spotlight?
A.It did everything it could to cater to the parents.
B.It taught life skills at the cost of academic courses.
C.It offered parents opportunities to instruct classes.
D.It allow students to decide on their own subjects.
3.The underlined word ''decipher'' in paragraph 4 probably means “________”.
A.determine B.define C.discriminate D.distribute
4.Which of the following skills are included in the courses?
a. use credit cards b. learn algebra and literature c. change a tire d. how to cook
A.abc B.bcd C.acd D.abd
5.What are people's attitudes towards the courses?
A.Supportive B.Opposed C.Skeptical D.Indifferent
The number of new deaths from the novel coronavirus(新型冠状病毒)reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, by Monday reaching the lowest in 10 days can indicate a change, said Qiu Haibo, a member on the expert panel of the National Health Commission.
Qiu said in an interview with China Central Television on Tuesday that the number of new infections and new deaths is declining, which means that the measures adopted in the city have gradually taken effect. He said the critically ill patients were treated intensively ① . The 10 appointed hospitals with 8, 000 beds for critical patients had 1, 000 empty beds on Tuesday.
''Moreover, a large number of national medical teams have arrived in Wuhan since the beginning of February, bringing Wuhan's treatment level to a national standard ② , '' he said. ''In general, it can be said with caution and optimism that the treatment of critically ill patients has gradually shown its effect through the previous efforts, '' he said.
He said the declining number is also owing to more timely treatment since February when medical resources have become more sufficient. It may also be related to the nature of infectious diseases ③ . As medical resources are becoming more and more sufficient and the country's medical strength is gathered in Wuhan, they are confident that the number of critically ill patients will continue to drop.
He added that the treatment has become more standardized and general patients can now receive more timely treatment to prevent them from becoming critically ill ④ . The treatment concept has also changed from treating a single organ to multiple organs. ''A series of progress in treatment and knowledge can help reduce the proportion of severe illness and increase the recovery rate, '' he said.
1.What is not the factor contributing the reduced number of new deaths?
A.There are many more beds in hospitals in Wuhan.
B.Medical teams from across the country have come.
C.Diverse resources have become more sufficient.
D.The virulence becomes weak as it gets warmer.
2.Where can ''that the virulence may be decreasing as the disease passes from person to person'' be put in the passage?
A.① B.② C.③ D.④
3.What is the best title of the passage?
A.Ill patients are treated intensively in Wuhan
B.Decline in new Wuhan deaths shows measures work
C.Treatment has become more standardized
D.From treating a single organ to multiple organs
In Search of the Phoenicians ''Quinn's fascinating investigation of these ancient sailors proves a large number of assumptions are mistaken and offers in their place a series of brilliant reconstructions of shifting identities over more than a thousand years of antiques. A thought-provoking search that takes the reader from twentieth-century Ireland and Lebanon to the Bronze Age and back again. '' -Greg Woolf, author of Rome: An Empire's Story Cloth $35.00 |
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Modern Classical Physics ''This text is a tour de force. I cannot overemphasize how big a contribution to teaching it will be. It is also likely to instantly become a desk reference for a large part of the research physics community. ''-Steinn Sigurdsson, Pennsylvania State University Cloth $125.00 |
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The Mexican Heartland ''A deeply ambitious book with a highly consequential argument. Tutino opens Mexican history to the world and brings world history to Mexico by telling the centuries-long story of the local communities of Mexico's heartland as they faced an emergent global capitalism. '' - Brian P. Owensby, author of Empire of Law and Indian Justice in Colonial Mexico Cloth $39.50 |
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How Global Currencies Work Past, Present, and Future ''This persuasive and learned book will become the standard-perhaps one should say the best standard-for discussions of international currency systems, thus analyzing the uncertainties that accompany changing global leadership. 'v-Harold James, Princeton University Cloth $39.5 |
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Hasidism-A New History ''An intelligent and very readable exploration of a branch of Judaism that has made an extraordinary mark on Jewish life... Hasidism is rich with detail and insight, and captures the innovation of a booming movement. It belongs on the bookshelf of any serious student of Jewish history. '' -Publishers Weekly (Starred review) Cloth $45.00 |
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1.Which book mainly deals with money?
A.Modern Classical Physics.
B.How Global Currencies Work.
C.The Mexican Heartland.
D.Hasidism-A New History.
2.Which book is NOT likely to talk about history?
A.Modern Classical Physics.
B.The Mexican Heartland.
C.Hasidism-A New History.
D.In Search of the Phoenicians.
Rainbow comes after a storm. For instance, here are things you've probably celebrated: an excellent grade, a team win, an _______ goal. Did you know that a past failure can _______ be a good thing too? The problem is that, according to a research, big embarrassing times can be _______ hard for girls. ''Many girls see _______ as something that can't be changed and something that will forever _______ them, '' says Rachel Simmons, a cofounder of the nonprofit Girls Leadership. Simmons _______ that by middle school, and continuing through _______ school and college, girls' confidence levels _______ while boys' stay the same or go _______. That confidence gap makes ________ an error much harder.
How can you change all this? You can ________ one fact: ''Failing is a huge part of ________, '' says Michael A. Freeman, M.D., a clinical ________ of psychiatry at the University of California San Francisco School of Medicine who has held workshops on failure. ''________ you're making mistakes, you're learning and getting ________. The people who know how to learn from failure are most ________ to succeed in the future. '' Plenty of research shows that failing actually helps you to grow as a person, ________ your boundaries, and build flexibility. (Some big companies even look for ________ employees who have experienced failures without allowing the failures to discourage them!) So it's time to get loud and ________ about your mistakes. They happen. Read on for all the tips, advice, and information you need to go forth and ________!
1.A.applied B.appealed C.accomplished D.abolished
2.A.aggressively B.abundantly C.accordingly D.actually
3.A.extra B.equally C.eagerly D.enough
4.A.struggle B.failure C.destiny D.experience
5.A.distract B.defend C.define D.direct
6.A.requires B.recommends C.asks D.adds
7.A.high B.primary C.nursery D.kindergarten
8.A.increase B.decline C.remain D.boom
9.A.along B.on C.up D.down
10.A.reconstructing B.reshaping C.weighing D.weathering
11.A.accept B.adjust C.block D.boycott
12.A.silence B.succeeding C.mother D.father
13.A.passenger B.patient C.professor D.player
14.A.Why B.Which C.How D.When
15.A.better B.worse C.excited D.depressed
16.A.about B.likely C.unlikely D.possible
17.A.stress B.shut C.stretch D.set
18.A.passive B.peaceful C.political D.potential
19.A.proud B.punished C.stuck D.trapped
20.A.object B.fail C.recall D.suspect
The company can choose the right product to produce, _______ expected to be most popular with consumers.
A.one that B.which C.it D.the one
