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The study of psychology is facing a cris...

    The study of psychology is facing a crisis. The Research Excellence Framework (the Ref) has led to a research culture which is holding back attempts to stabilize psychology in particular, and science in general. The Ref encourages universities to push for groundbreaking innovative, and exciting research in the form of 4* papers, but it does not reward the efforts of those who replicate studies.

The point of replicating a study is to test whether a statistically significant result will appear again if the experiment is repeated. Of course, a similar result may not appear – casting into questions the validity of the results from the first experiment.

Last year, the Open Science Collaboration attempted to replicate 100 studies from highly ranked psychological journalists. While 97% of the original studies had a statistically significant result, just 36% of the replications had the same outcome. Equally worrying: when an effect did appear, it was often much smaller than previously thought.

Recent data calls into question some widely influential findings in psychological science. These problems are not confined to psychology however – many findings published in scientific literature may actually be false.

Science is supposed to be self-correcting and reproducible is a cornerstone of the scientific method. Yet, we simply aren't invested in replicating findings. We all want to be good researchers and understand more about how the world works. So why are we so reluctant to check our conclusions are valid?

Because no incentive is provided by the system we carry out our research in. In the UK, the Ref ranks the published works of researchers according to their originality (how innovative is the research?), significance (does it have practical or commercial importance?), and rigour (is the research technically right?). Outputs are then awarded one to four stars. 4* papers are considered world-leading. The cumulative total of 3* and 4* papers determines research funding allocation and has a knock-on effect on institutional position in league tables(排名表) and therefore attractiveness to students. Obviously, the more publications, the better.

Worrying, many academics admit to engaging in at least one questionable research practice in order to achieve publication. Examples of this include: coming up with a theory after data is collected, stopping collecting data when an effect appears in case it disappears later, or only reporting the significant effects from collected data. Others simply fabricate data-Dutch psychologist Diederik Stapel shockingly falsified data from more than 50 studies.

The Ref completely harms our efforts to produce a reliable body of knowledge. Why? The focus on originality – publications exploring new areas of research using new paradigms, and avoiding testing well-established theories – is the exact opposite of what science needs to be doing to solve the troubling replication crisis. According to Ref standards, replicating an already published piece of work is simply uninteresting.

With the next Ref submission just four years away, many researchers are effectively faced with a choice: be a good scientist, or be a successful academic who gets funding and a promotion.

1.What crisis is the study of psychology facing?

A.The Ref has led to a revolution in not only psychology but also science.

B.The universities are encouraged to generate more groundbreaking research.

C.The Ref’s indifference to replications of studies has led to worrying effects.

D.The Ref tends to set up a different standard for replications of studies.

2.What do the numbers in Para. 3 indicate?

A.Scientific studies may not prove scientific.

B.Science needs to be updated frequently.

C.Journals should be stricter with studies,

D.It is getting hard to count on scientists.

3.The Ref's focus on originality has brought about ___________.

A.a reliable body of knowledge

B.publications exploring new areas

C.tests of well-established theories

D.uninteresting replications of studies

4.We can infer from the passage that the Ref ____________.

A.is a system for assessing the quality of research in UK universities

B.provides UK researchers with funding and job opportunities

C.recognizes researchers' work and adds to their attractiveness to students

D.is planning to change its standard before the next Ref submission

5.What does the writer mean by saying ''be a good scientist''?

A.Reform the standards that have been set up by the Ref.

B.Avoid using false research practices to test old theories.

C.Give up possible funding and promotion given by universities.

D.Contribute to the solution to the replication crisis.

 

1.C 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.D 【解析】 这是一篇议论文。本文主要讲述重复研究是否是正确的,好的科学家应该是专注于原创性,发表论文探索新的研究领域,使用新的范式,避免测试已经确立的理论。 1.推理判断题。根据第一段的The Research Excellence Framework (the Ref) has led to a research culture which is holding back attempts to stabilize psychology in particular, and science in general. The Ref encourages universities to push for groundbreaking innovative, and exciting research in the form of 4* papers, but it does not reward the efforts of those who replicate studies.(Ref导致了一种研究文化,这种文化阻碍了稳定心理学的尝试,尤其是稳定科学的尝试。Ref鼓励大学以4星论文的形式推动突破性的、创新的和令人兴奋的研究,但它并不奖励那些复制研究的人的努力)可知,面临的危机是Ref对重复学习的不关心导致了令人担忧的后果。C. The Ref’s indifference to replications of studies has led to worrying effects.( Ref对重复学习的冷漠导致了令人担忧的后果)符合以上说法,故选C项。 2.推理判断题。根据第三段的While 97% of the original studies had a statistically significant result, just 36% of the replications had the same outcome. Equally worrying: when an effect did appear, it was often much smaller than previously thought.(虽然97%的原始研究有统计学意义的结果,但只有36%的重复研究有相同的结果。同样令人担忧的是:当一种影响确实出现时,它往往比之前认为的要小得多)可推测,这些数据是为了表明所谓的科学研究,其科学性可能不是所期待的那样。A. Scientific studies may not prove scientific.( 所谓的科学研究,其科学性令人担忧)符合以上说法,故选A项。 3.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的The focus on originality – publications exploring new areas of research using new paradigms, and avoiding testing well-established theories – (专注于原创出版物,探索新的研究领域,使用新的范式,避免测试已确立的理论)可知,Ref关注的是出版物探索新领域。B. publications exploring new areas(出版物探索新领域)符合以上说法,故选B项。 4.推理判断题。根据第六段的Because no incentive is provided by the system we carry out our research in. In the UK, the Ref ranks the published works of researchers according to their originality (how innovative is the research?), significance (does it have practical or commercial importance?), and rigour (is the research technically right?). (因为我们进行研究的系统没有提供任何激励,在英国,参考文献根据研究人员发表的作品的原创性(研究有多创新?)重要性(有实际意义或商业意义吗?)和严谨性(研究在技术上是正确的吗?)对其进行排名。)可以推断,Ref是一套英国大学研究质量评估系统。A. is a system for assessing the quality of research in UK universities(Ref是一套英国大学研究质量评估系统)符合以上说法,故选A项。 5.推理判断题。根据文章的主要内容,尤其是倒数一二段的According to Ref standards, replicating an already published piece of work is simply uninteresting. With the next Ref submission just four years away, many researchers are effectively faced with a choice: be a good scientist, or be a successful academic who gets funding and a promotion.(根据Ref的标准,复制已经完全存在的作品是无趣的。在四年后提交下一份参考文献时,许多研究人员实际上面临着一个选择:做一个好的科学家,或者成为一个获得资助和晋升的成功学者)可推断,一个好的科学家应该是追求真理,致力于解决目前的科研危机。D. Contribute to the solution to the replication crisis.(致力于解决科研危机)符合以上推测,故选D项。
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