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For decades, sociologists have been trying to understand why certain people rise to the top of their fields. A number of theories have emerged, so if you're struggling on the path of success, perhaps these will give you some new clues.
IQ is Overrated
A high IQ is necessary, but it is not adequate to predict executive competence and corporate success. While people with high test scores do have more opportunities, that doesn't mean that smart people are more successful. In fact, in many fields the link between success and intelligence is often weak or non-existent. Nobel Prize winning Israeli-American psychologist, Daniel Kahneman, found that people would rather do business with a person they like and trust rather than someone they don’t, even if the likeable person is offering a lower quality product or service at a higher price.
The 10,000 Hours Theory
A Professor at the University of Colorado named Anders Ericsson decided to look at the differences between amateurs and professionals. In 1993, he released a paper that found on average amateurs only got about 4000 hours of practice, but professionals had practiced for at least 10,000 hours. While there's some debate over whether 10,000 hours is a rule or just a theory, many experts agree that a significant number of people who are considered "great" have, on average, 10,000 hours of experience.
Deliberate Practice
If no one is born talented and you need 10,000 hours of practice, what's the most effective way of using those hours? One theory is something sociologists call "deliberate practice." Essentially, there are six elements. The practice needs to be meant to specifically improve performance, and is even more effective if there's coaching. It needs to be repeatable, and feedback regularly is crucial. It also has to be demanding, either physically or mentally. If you're doing all of this correctly, it shouldn't be a fun experience. An example would be a basketball player who isn't very good at free throws spending hours and hours just doing free throws while being coached. Not a great time no matter how big of a basketball fan you are.
No One Succeeds on Their Own
While it would be nice to succeed simply because we work hard, life doesn't work that way. We need help and support from friends, family and teachers, and then we need chances from employers and other key figures in the fields we choose to pursue. In order to succeed, the gifts and interests of a person need to be encouraged, especially at a young age. Then as they grow up, people need to be given opportunities, breaks and second chances. Without help from other people, it makes it impossible to succeed because as Gladwell points out, "… no one—not rock stars, not professional athletes, not software billionaires, and not even geniuses — ever makes it alone."
You Have Amazing Potential
On average, the human mind can remember a sequence of seven to nine numbers. After that it becomes incredibly hard to remember all the numbers in the right order. Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University wanted to know if someone of average intelligence could break that barrier with practice. Through a lot of tests, researchers discovered what they called "the remarkable potential of 'ordinary' adults and their amazing capacity for change with practice." Their research showed that even "ordinary" people have the potential to be great by challenging themselves. If you work hard, your goals can be more attainable than you thought.
Passage outline | Supporting details | |
Introduction | Sociologists have been wondering what makes some people successful for years and the following will give you some 1.into it. | |
Some 2. |
IQ is Overrated | ◆By itself, a high IQ doesn’t 3. mean that you will stand out and rise above others. ◆People show 4. for more trustworthy business partners rather than those with only higher IQ. |
The 10,000 Hours Theory | ◆What 5.amateurs from professionals is that amateurs only get about 4000 hours of practice while professionals get for at least 10,000 hours. | |
Deliberate Practice | ◆Deliberate Practice needs to be 6.at improving performance specifically and will be more effective with coaching. ◆Deliberate Practice needs to be repeatable and feedback on a regular 7.is crucial. ◆Whatever 8.you have for something, it’s no easy task to do deliberate Practice since it is demanding. | |
No One Succeeds on Their Own | ◆9.to the common belief, you can’t live without other people’s help. | |
You Have Amazing Potential | ◆Through much practice and by challenging youselves, you can break the barrier and 10.your goals. |
When I opened my closet door this morning, I saw a sign that says, “Good morning, beautiful business.” It’s a reminder to me of just how beautiful business can be when we put all our creativity, energy, and care into producing one product or service in exchange for another. Economic exchange can be one of the most meaningful and beautiful interactions among human beings.
Over the past years since I started the White Dog Café, my business has not only provided me with a way of making a living and a way of serving others but also been my teacher. In reading Small Is Beautiful I realized that so much of what my business has taught me can be found in the great lessons of E.F. Schumacher: it is of great benefit to keep your business focusing on the needs of workers rather than only on what they produce; you’d better use a management style that balances freedom and order; you should build sustainable local economies and respect the land and nature. The effects of industrialization that worried Schumacher decades ago have gotten even worse: namely, wealth inequality and the growing degradation (退化) of our environment.
Today much of what I care about ---nature, animals, communities, family farms, family businesses, native cultures, the character of our towns and cities, even our children’s future---is being threatened by corporate globalization. To protect all that I care deeply about, I need to step out of my own company, out of the White Dog Café. I started my journey with the simple idea that a sustainable global economy must be compromised of sustainable local economies. Rather than a global economy controlled by large international corporations, our movement advocates a global economy with a network of local economies made up of small independent businesses that create community wealth while working in harmony with natural system.
I opened the White Dog Café in 1983 on the first floor of my house in a neighborhood of Philadelphia. It is the house I have lived in since I was a child. Today much of the food I serve at the White Dog Café comes from the same land where my ancestors once farmed. When I opened the café years ago, it was a simple coffee and cake take-away shop serving students who lived nearby. Over the years we have expanded our menu and grown to occupy five buildings. We now employ more 100 people, can seat more than two hundred customers, and earn over $5 million a year! I owe our success to making decisions not for the purpose of maximizing profits but instead maximizing the relationships with our customers and staff, with our community, with our suppliers and with our natural environment.
Now I still live above the shop. I still have the old-fashioned way of doing business---the way it was in the old days with the family farm, the family inn, and the corner store. Living and working in the same community has given me a stronger sense of place and a different business outlook. When I make a business decision, it comes naturally for my decision to be made in the common interest of all involved because every day I see the people affected by my decision---my neighbours, my customers, and my employees as well as the natural world. There is a short distance between the business decision-maker and those affected by the decision. I believe that when we are surrounded by those affected by our decisions, we are more likely to make a decision from the heart as opposed to the head.
Business schools teach “grow or die”. But I make a conscious decision to continue to be a small business because I know that when we grow in physical size, we give up something very important ---authentic relationships with the people around us and those we do business with. I have come to realize that we can measure our success by measuring how much we improve our knowledge, deepen our relationships, achieve happiness, and have more fun.
1.What do we know about the sign on the author’s closet door?
A.It has been her family motto for years.
B.It serves as an inspiration to her.
C.It comes from one of her favourite book.
D.It helps her forget difficulties in business.
2.What is one drawback of corporate globalization according to the author?
A.The high cost. B.Small profits.
C.Poor management. D.Damage to the environment.
3.What did the author do when facing the threat of corporate globalization?
A.She worked together with other independent businesses.
B.She fought against the global economy in her community.
C.She expanded her own business at home and abroad.
D.She learned from large international corporations.
4.What is the secret behind the success of the White Dog Café?
A.It always has regular customers.
B.It has been run as a family business.
C.It gets along well with the people involved.
D.It makes big profits by developing fast.
5.Why does the author choose to live and work in the same community?
A.She wants to stay close to her family.
B.She can learn about others’ opinions easily.
C.Food in her café can be served immediately.
D.Neighbors can be her customers or employees.
6.What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph imply?
A.We usually learn how to do business in business school.
B.Business schools focus on the basic principles of business.
C.We tend to measure success in business by constant growth.
D.Business schools teach when to expand or leave the business.
Climate emergencies are a bit like buses. You wait an age for one and then three come along at once. Parliaments in the UK and Ireland passed motions declaring a climate emergency in May. Last Monday, Canada followed suit.
It isn’t just parliament sounding the alarm. “This is a climate emergency,” said U.N. climate chief Patricia Espinosa for the first time last Tuesday. Hours earlier, James Bevan of England’s Environment Agency and Vince Cable, the leader of the U.K.’s Liberal Democrats, also used the phrase.
They join a cast of high-profile public figures already on the bus, from UK opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn to UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres. But how did the language of climate change campaigners jump to the lips of the establishment, and should we welcome its seemingly unstoppable adoption?
Does this language make a difference? A day after Canada’s climate emergency motion, it approved a £4.4 billion oil pipeline. Bristol City Council in the UK also declared a climate emergency, yet the city’s mayor subsequently backed expansion of the local airport. Nothing changed on UK streets after parliament declared a climate emergency, notes former Labour Party leader Ed MIliband. “This silent response to an alarm that we ourselves have sounded symbolizes the challenge we face,” he wrote. _______?_______
Mike Hulme at the University of Cambridge argues against the phrase because it implies “time-limited radical(激进的)” action could end the emergency, when climate change is actually a “new condition of human existence.” Some, HUlme included, also fear the language may cause counterproductive responses.
Bur Roz Pidcock of communication organization Climate Outreach says a climate emergency “suggests a response that is very radical in scale and ambition, but not incautious or knee-jerk(本能的),” and certainly not a license for extreme measure like geoengineering the climate.
Despite the risk of phrase being devalued, Rebecca Willis at Lancaster University in the U.K. tells me it is still useful ---and that’s because it is true. As Spratt says, “You cannot solve a problem unless you name it for exactly what it is.” Getting politicians to adopt the language will also be crucial to holding them to tough policy decisions later, says Doug Parr of Greenpeace.
The phrase’s widespread adoption isn’t a problem. The lack of action equivalent to such language is. And that action is going to include a lot of silently gliding electric buses.
1.Which of the following sentences may best end Paragraph 4?
A.We should strive to stimulate people’s initiative.
B.The use of “climate emergency” highlights the challenge.
C.Such a mismatch risks making the term meaningless.
D.There are many people against the use of the phrase.
2.It can be inferred from the passage that Mike Hulme thinks that ______.
A.climate change call for deliberate consideration before action is taken
B.immediate action should be taken to put climate emergency to an end
C.the phrase “climate emergency” may lead to the opposite consequences
D.people all over the world have been accustomed to climate change
3.Which of the following arguments can be used in favour of the phrase “climate emergency”?.
A.Extreme measures will be taken to address the issue of climate change
B.The use of the phrase may contribute to substantial policymaking.
C.The phrase will make no sense unless practical solutions are found.
D.Less attention is paid to the phrase though it reflects a true story.
4.What is the author’s attitude towards the phrase “climate emergency”?
A.Negative B.Optimistic
C.Indifferent D.Objective
It is not unusual for universities to create a range of new courses each semester. A recently-launched course at Fudan University has become a hit both on and off campus.
Just how popular is it? In the first round of course selection, more than 1,000 students chose the course, Breaking Myths (似是而非). Only 258 were lucky enough to get seats in the classroom.
The course, titled with a Chinese phrase meaning “apparently right, but actually wrong”, aims to discuss the differences between science and pseudoscience (伪科学) in different subject areas.
Pseudoscience includes beliefs, theories or practices that are considered scientific but which actually have no supporting data.
Scientists around the world worry about its influence on people. To help young people tell the two apart, Fudan University launched the new course. It brings together 12 professors from fields including literature, science and medicine, with a total of 17 subjects to be discussed.
These topics include the probable risks of vaccination; whether genes are our destiny (宿命); and whether mobile phone radiation is harmful. The aim of the course, according to the university, is to remove prejudices and provide new ways of thinking.
Speaking to China Youth Daily, Fudan University undergraduate Jiang Xinyi said, “In the era of prevalent (盛行的) fake news, both my classmates and I hope to enhance our judgment through this course.
Lou Hongwei, one of the course lecturers, said, pseudoscience attempts to claim the credibility of real sciences without the research findings to support its claims. He explained one such math fallacy (谬误): “Should people prefer community health centers to a comprehensive Grade A hospital if data shows a lower death rate at the former?” Some people do. But according to Lou, hospitals deal with more deadly conditions, so more deaths can be expected there.
Such logical fallacies are widespread, hard to resist but actually unreasonable, he concluded.
Fudan is not the first university to offer such a course. Many other universities around the world also teach skepticism of pseudoscience. As part of its philosophy (哲学) degree, the University of St Andrews, in Scotland, offers a course called “Scientific Thinking”. In the United States, the University of Nebraska Omaha offers a Science and Critical Thinking course as part of its natural science degree.
Like Fudan University, they examine popular pseudoscientific subjects including ghosts, psychics (通灵) and space aliens. They also focus on distinctions between science and non-science, errors in reasoning and critical thinking.
1.Why did Fudan University offer students the new course?
A.To get more students interested in science.
B.To help students develop scientific thinking.
C.To broaden students’ science knowledge.
D.To promote more teacher-student interaction.
2.Why did the author quote Lou Hongwei’s words in Paragraph 8?
A.To show the best way to identify fallacies.
B.To describe the features of the new course.
C.To show how pseudoscience can be hard to distinguish.
D.To explain the differences between science and pseudoscience.
3.What are the last two paragraphs mainly about?
A.Many universities offer similar courses to Fudan’s new one.
B.Scepticism of pseudoscience has become the recent focus of attention.
C.Popular pseudoscientific topics were specially chosen for philosophy majors.
D.The ability of reasoning is highly valued in various courses.
Wanna soften the blow of a hangover?
A hangover refers to the headache and sick feeling that you have the day after drinking too much alcohol. If you are looking for something to nurse your hangover, you will find the following right ideas.
1. ASIAN PEAR JUICE
Have some extra Asian pears at home? Run them through your juicer before your next night out. According to researchers at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, just 7.4 ounces of Asian pear juice is enough to soften the blow of a hangover. The scientists say that the juice interacts with enzymes that break down alcohol, speeding up your metabolism and leaving less surplus alcohol for your body to absorb. There’s just one catch: The juice must be consumed before you drink anything else in order to be effective.
2. MUSIC
Anyone who’s ever suffered through a massive hangover knows that sound is the enemy. But while your roommate’s 9 a.m. tap dancing practice might exacerbate (加剧) your symptoms, music may have the opposite effect. Research has shown that listening to music can provide relief to migraines, which are similar to hangover headaches. As long as the music is pleasant and suits your taste, it should help to drown out the chorus of pain laying in your mind. Head sensitivity isn’t the only symptom music helps with. According to researchers at the University of Edinburgh, listening to your favorite music also eases pain.
3. EGGS
The best way to tackle a hangover with food is to eat while you drink. Chowing down after the damage has already been done may distract you from your turmoil for a short while, but it won’t soothe your physical symptoms. There are a few exceptions: Eggs, for example, have hangover-fighting potential thanks to a special ingredient. The food is packed with cysteine, an amino acid that breaks down the drinking byproduct acetaldehyde (乙醛). So whether you prefer to enjoy brunch out or at home, make sure your meal includes eggs in some form.
1.According to the passage, the author may agree with the following EXCEPT______.
A.Asian pear juice can help soften the blow of a hangover if you drink it before anything else.
B.Your roommate can make you suffer less from a hangover by practising tap dancing at 9.
C.Eggs are said to contain a special ingredient that may soothe the symptoms of a hangover.
D.Enjoying your favorite piece of music is an efficient way to fight the pain of a hangover.
2.The passage is most probably taken from ______.
A.a textbook B.a science fiction
C.a health magazine D.an advertisement
Society has certain standards for beauty. But Romanian photographer Mihaela Noroc, who spent nearly four years shooting_______of women from around the world, is_______these standards.
She believes that beauty can_______many forms. “Beauty just means being_______,” Noroc told NPR. “I don’t think we have to_______ourselves to be in a certain way; I think we just have to keep ourselves_______we are and don’t necessarily need to change.”
_______by a trip to Africa in 2013, Noroc has traveled to more than 50 countries and regions since then. In 2017, she compiled a book called The Atlas of Beauty: Women of the World in 500 Portraits to show how many different kinds of _______ there are in the world. A new_______of her book has recently caused heated discussion on social media.
From a__________Russian dancer to a talkative cafe owner in New York, Noroc’s subjects__________her in deep conversation. Noroc found out what moves them, what their daily struggles and joys are, and what brings beauty into their own lives. “Wherever I go, it’s the women that________ all the culture and traditions of a place. I________try to focus on women’s stories, how they face challenges and overcome them,” Noroc told CNN.
Her encounter with Ala, a student at a self-defense school in Jordan called “She Fighter”, left a ________impression on her. Ala raises her fists as she looks into the________while her face is covered by a white hijab (面纱). Noroc describes She Fighter as “the first self-defense school for women in the Arab world”, and writes, “I discovered a(n)________initiative(主动性) and a splendid sisterhood.”
In Iran, Noroc met Norocmet Farnoush, a woman who lives in________worlds. “In one she is an economist, ________profession. In the other, she is an artist, because this is her ________”. For Noroc, the women’s beauty lies in how________and comfortable they appear while just being themselves.
1.A.targets B.concerns C.outlines D.portraits
2.A.appealing B.refreshing C.challenging D.deleting
3.A.take on B.focus on C.fold up D.turn out
4.A.itself B.yourself C.himself D.herself
5.A.adapt B.cater C.acknowledge D.change
6.A.as B.that C.who D.how
7.A.Advocated B.Inspired C.Stimulated D.Privileged
8.A.tradition B.photographer C.school D.beauty
9.A.headline B.reaction C.edition D.catalogue
10.A.struggling B.confusing C.disappointing D.enterprising
11.A.employed B.engaged C.enabled D.emphasized
12.A.perform B.seek C.carry D.spread
13.A.only B.originally C.readily D.really
14.A.concrete B.lasting C.subjective D.vague
15.A.camera B.book C.café D.screen
16.A.demanding B.decreasing C.amazing D.abusing
17.A.false B.explicit C.valid D.two
18.A.after B.by C.beneath D.with
19.A.passion B.contribution C.substitution D.ambition
20.A.dynamic B.noble C.natural D.elegant
