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(The New York Times, Oct.7) The 2019 Nob...

    (The New York Times, Oct.7) The 2019 Nobel Prize in physiology(生理学) or medicine was jointly awarded to three scientists — William G. Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza — for their work on how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability. The Nobel Assembly announced the prize at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm on Monday.

Their work established the genetic mechanisms(机制) that allow cells to respond to changes in oxygen levels. The findings have implications(启示) for treating a variety of diseases.

Why did they win?

“Oxygen is the lifeblood of living organisms(生物体),” said Dr. George Daley, dean of Harvard Medical School. “Without oxygen, cells can’t survive.” But too much or too little oxygen can be deadly. The three researchers tried to answer this question: How do cells regulate their responses?

The investigators uncovered detailed genetic responses to changing oxygen levels that allow cells in the bodies of humans and other animals to sense and respond to fluctuations(波动), increasing and decreasing how much oxygen they receive.

Why is the work important?

The discoveries reveal the cellular mechanisms that control such things as adaptation to high altitudes and how cancer cells manage to hijack(攫取) oxygen. Randall Johnson, a member of the Nobel Assembly, described the work as a “textbook discovery” and said it would be something students would start learning at the most basic levels of biology education.

“This is a basic aspect of how a cell works, and I think from that standpoint alone it’s a very exciting thing.” Johnson said.

The research also has implications for treating various diseases in which oxygen is in short supply — including anemia, heart attacks and strokes — as well as for treatment of cancers that are fed by and seek out oxygen.

1.This research has won the Nobel Prize mainly because ____________.

A.there was no research of this kind in the past

B.oxygen is the lifeblood of living things

C.it has uncovered how cells sense and respond to changes in oxygen levels

D.various diseases will be cured with the help of the findings of the research

2.We can learn from the passage that _____________.

A.The Nobel Prize was awarded to a physiologist on Monday in Sweden.

B.Cancer cells manage to hijack oxygen and need oxygen to develop.

C.The more oxygen there is in blood, the healthier a living body will be.

D.The genetic mechanisms have been found that allow oxygen to adapt to cells.

3.Which of the following can best explain the underlined word in the text?

A.used for textbooks B.powerful and authoritative

C.typical as a perfect example D.basic and clear

4.In which part of The New York Times can you find this article?

A.Entertainment B.Culture

C.Technology D.Science

 

1.C 2.B 3.C 4.D 【解析】 这是一篇说明文。主要说明了2019年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖联合授予了三位科学家,他们发现了细胞如何感知并适应氧气变化的含量。这是一项具有开创性的发现,为抗击贫血、癌症和许多其他疾病的新策略铺平了道路。 1.细节理解题。根据第一段中…for their work on how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.(以表彰他们在细胞感知和适应氧气供应的适应性方面所做的工作。)可知这项研究之所以获得诺贝尔奖,主要是因为它揭示了细胞如何感知和响应氧气水平的变化。故选C。 2.细节理解题。根据第五段中The discoveries reveal the cellular mechanisms that control such things as adaptation to high altitudes and how cancer cells manage to hijack(攫取) oxygen.(这些发现揭示了细胞机制,这些机制控制着对高海拔环境的适应,以及癌细胞是如何攫取氧气的。)我们可以从文章中得知癌细胞设法攫取氧气并需要氧气来发育。故选B。 3.词义猜测题。根据下文it would be something students would start learning at the most basic levels of biology education它将是学生在最基础的生物教育阶段就开始学习的东西,可知Randall Johnson称这项研究是很典型的发现,是“教科书式的发现”。故可知划线单词意思为“典型的”,故选C。 4.推理判断题。根据文章第一段(The New York Times, Oct.7) The 2019 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine was jointly awarded to three scientists — William G. Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza — for their work on how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.((《纽约时报》10月7日报道)2019年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖联合授予了三位科学家——William G. Kaelin Jr.、Peter J. Ratcliffe和Gregg L. Semenza,以表彰他们在细胞感知和适应氧气供应方面所做的工作。)以及文章的主要内容围绕他们的发现,可知你可以在《纽约时报》的科学版上找到这篇文章。故选D。
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