Question

Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

There are two kinds of motive for engaging in any activity: internal and instrumental. If a scientist conducts research because he wants to discover important facts about the world, internal motive. If he conducts research because he wants to achieve scholarly fame, that’s an instrumental motive. 1..

What mix of motives — internal or instrumental or both — is most favorable to success? You might suppose that a scientist motivated by a desire to discover facts and by a desire to achieve fame will do better work than a scientist motivated by just one of those desires. 2.But as we and our colleagues argue in a paper, instrumental motives are not always useful and can actually be counterproductive to success.

3.Helping people focus on the meaning and impact of their work, rather than on, say, the financial returns it will bring, may be the best way to improve not only the quality of their work but also their financial success.

There is a temptation among educators and instructors to use whatever motivational tools are available to recruit (招募) participants or improve performance. If the desire for military excellence and service to country fails to attract all the recruits that the Army needs, then perhaps appeals to “money for college,” “career training” or “seeing the world” will do the job.

4.Similarly, for students uninterested in learning, financial incentives (奖励) for good attendance or pizza parties for high performance may motivate them to participate, but it may result in less well-educated students.

A.Our study suggests that efforts should be made to structure activities so that instrumental consequences do not become motives.

B.That’s the secret of effective motivation.

C.While this strategy may attract more recruits, it may also produce worse soldiers.

D.Surely two motives are better than one.

E.Discovering facts is inseparably related to the activity of research.

F.Often, people have both internal and instrumental motives for doing what they do.

Answer

1.F

2.D

3.A

4.C

【解析】

本文是一篇议论文。介绍了从事任何活动的动机有两种：内生性和工具型动机。怎样的动机配比——内生型或工具型或二者兼而有之——最有助于成功？文章对此进行了探讨。

1.空格处置于句尾，引出下文的讲述，根据第二段的What mix of motives — internal or instrumental or both — is most favorable to success? (怎样的动机配比——内生型或工具型或二者兼而有之——最有助于成功？)可推断，空格处讲述两种动机的混合。F项“通常情况下，人们做一件事既有内生型动机，也有工具型动机。”符合。故选F。

2.根据上文下You might suppose that a scientist motivated by a desire to discover facts and by a desire to achieve fame will do better work than a scientist motivated by just one of those desires. (你可能以为，一个既渴望揭示真相又渴望出人头地而因此受到激励的科学家要比只受其中一种渴望激励的科学家更加出色)可推断，D项“双管齐下想必好过单选其一。”意思一致，故选D。

3.根据下文Helping people focus on the meaning and impact of their work, rather than on, say, the financial returns it will bring, may be the best way to improve not only the quality of their work but also their financial success.(帮助人们专注于工作的意义和影响，而不是比方说关注工作所带来的物质回报，这样做可能是提高他们工作的质量以及——尽管这一点看似有悖常理——物质财富的最好方式)可推断，此处表示研究的结果，因此推断A项“我们的研究表明，应该尽力对所做的事情有个合理的安排，使工具型的结果不至于演变成为动机。”符合。故选A。

4.根据下文Similarly, for students uninterested in learning, financial incentives(奖励)for good attendance or pizza parties for high performance may motivate them to participate, but it may result in less well-educated students.(同样，对那些学习不感兴趣的学生来说，用金钱刺激的方法来提高出勤率或者用比萨派对的方法来提高成绩可能会促使他们参与其中，但这样做的结果可能是受过良好教育的学生越来越少)可知，C项“虽然这种策略也许能吸引到更多的新兵，但它也可能会造就出一批不如人意的军人。”于此相同，故选C。