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请认真阅读下面短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。 ...

请认真阅读下面短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。

注意:请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。

The Cost of Thinking

Despite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.

The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals(哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.

The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drainconsumption of energyon the body. It’s not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull(倾骨). It’s even harder to provide energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3% of total body weight, but it consumes 25% of the body’s energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes(类人猿) require only 8% of rest-time energy. Early humans paid for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search of food. Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It’s hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee(黑猩猩) can’t win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.

Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it’s easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.

Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.

We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creatures. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.

The Cost of Thinking

Introduction

• Large brains for their bodies and the ability to walk upright are two 1. of human beings.

The 2. of large human brains

• The larger brains may not be better because of the cost.

• The big brains make it harder for the body to move around and consume more energy.

• The animal brain requires less 3. when the body is at rest.

• Large human brains consume more food, and weaken muscles.

The 4. of walking upright

• Walking upright makes it easy to find food or 5. against enemies.

• Freed hands can serve some 6. purposes and perform complex tasks.

• Walking upright challenges the human bone structure, and  7. the size of brains.

• Walking upright results in 8. sufferings.

Conclusion

• With a large brain, human beings 9. other beings in terms of intelligence.

• Weak and marginal, human beings remained 10. of meat-eating animals.

 

 

 

1.characteristics 2.disadvantages 3.energy 4.impact(s) 5.guard 6.other 7.limits 8.physical 9.beat 10.fearful/afraid 【解析】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明人用大脑思考的代价。人类与动物相比有两大特点:大大的大脑和直立行走。超大的大脑使人类拥有更高的智商,但却消耗巨大的能量。直立行走让人类擅长寻找食物和抵御敌人,解放了的双手来更复杂的事。但却让人类遭受腰痛和颈部疼痛等。虽然有这些缺点,但仍然使人类成为地球上最强大的动物。 1.考查信息归纳。根据第一段all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.可知,大脑袋和双腿直立行走的能力是人类共有的特点(characteristics)。故填characteristics。 2.考查信息归纳。72题就是对第三段内容的总结。第三段主要叙述了人类的大脑长得比较大的缺点。因此本空格填写disadvantages。 3.考查信息来源。根据第三段中的The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body. It’s not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull(倾骨). It’s even harder to provide energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3% of total body weight, but it consumes 25% of the body’s energy when the body is at rest.可知,人类巨大的大脑是一个巨大的能量消耗。当身体处于休息时,大脑要消耗25%的身体能量。相比之下,类人猿的大脑只需要8%的休息时间能量。人类与动物相比,动物需要的能量(energy)要比人类少。故填energy。 4.考查信息归纳。分析空后的75--78小题所在的第五段和第六段的内容可知,此部分主要叙述了直立行走对人类的影响。故填impact(s)。 5.考查信息转换。根据第五段的第一句Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it’s easier to find food or enemies.可知,另一个独特的人类特征是我们直立行走。站起来更容易找到食物或发现敌人。发现敌人就是为了防御敌人。因为or为连词,在此句中连结两个动词短语,故空格填动词。“guard against...”为固定搭配,意为“防御……”,故本空填写guard。 6.考查信息查找。根据第五段中的their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.可知,解放了的双手可以用于做其它的事,即有其它的目的。故填other。 7.考查信息归纳。根据第五段Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull.可知,直立行走也有缺点。我们祖先进化了上百亿年,⻣骼也只能支撑四肢行走和有一个相对较小的头。直立行走对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战,限制了人的头脑的大小。故本空填limits。 8.考查信息转换。根据第六段Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.可知,直立对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战,人类为其广阔的视野和灵巧的双手付出了代价,换来的是腰酸背痛和脖子疼痛。由此得出,直立导致身体方面的(physical)痛苦,故填physical。 9.考查信息归纳。根据最后一段We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth.可知,我们假设一个大脑袋会带来巨大的优势。很明显,这些使人类成为地球上最强大的动物。由此可推断出人类的大脑比其他动物大,在智力方面人类比其他动物更聪明,即在智力方面击败了(beat)其他动物。故本空填beat。 10.考查信息查找。根据最后一段But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creatures. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.可知,尽管人类享受着所有这些优势,但也是弱小的生物。因此尽管拥有巨大的大脑和锋利的石器,但一百万年前的人类也时常生活在对食肉动物的恐惧中。因为空前是系动词,故本空要填形容词(afraid/fearful)可知,此处要填名词,故填fearful/afraid。
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    Old problem,new approaches

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Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers (冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel's inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200,000m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphel's ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.

Increasing Earth's reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.

In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life­giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its list of “100 ideas to save the planet”.

More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it's a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.

Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.

1.The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies ________.

A.adaptation is an ever­changing process

B.the cost of adaptation varies with time

C.global warming affects adaptation forms

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A.The project receives government support.

B.Different organizations work with each other.

C.His organization makes the best of a bad situation.

D.The project connects flooded roads and highways.

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A.Storing ice for future use.

B.Protecting the glaciers from melting.

C.Changing the irrigation time.

D.Postponing the melting of the glaciers.

4.What do we learn from the Peru example?

A.White paint is usually safe for buildings.

B.The global warming trend cannot be stopped.

C.This country is heating up too quickly.

D.Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.

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A.adapt to carbon pollution

B.plant highly profitable crops

C.leave carbon emission alone

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B.Reducing carbon emission.

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    Who cares if people think wrongly that the internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?

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Thanks for your interest in visiting the Los Angeles Zoo with your school group! Please read the following information before booking your field trip.

Requirements

Special discounted admission prices are available with advance reservations ONLY for California school groups, short-termed as CSG, (registered with the California Department of Education). They can enjoy 10% off.

PLEASE NOTE:

Reservation blackout dates(限制日期) may apply to all groups at certain times of the year (e.g. holidays and spring break). If your group comes on a blackout date or has not made the necessary reservations before arriving at the Zoo, your group will be charged the regular admission fees.

Docent(讲解员)-Guided Tours

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    At the mid-May in 2018, the 69 year-old amputee(被截肢者) Xia Boyu finally stood proud on two artificial legs on the peak of Mount Qomolangma, a symbol showcasing to the world the power of_______.

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On May14, Xia felt  ____________   and a strong sense of fulfillment ____________in him, standing on the peak of the highest mountain in the world.

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1.A.strength B.dream C.confidence D.mind

2.A.cost B.gave C.lost D.paid

3.A.affordable B.acceptable C.available D.reachable

4.A.confirmed B.assured C.hoped D.believed

5.A.unfinished B.unchallenged C.unsolved D.unreached

6.A.pressure B.present C.preserve D.prepare

7.A.take B.begin C.complete D.continue

8.A.sudden B.sharp C.dark D.good

9.A.one B.another C.the other D.other

10.A.Previous B.Contrary C.Back D.Similar

11.A.tough nut B.red carpet C.cold shoulder D.last straw

12.A.put effort into B.devoted himself to C.got close to D.threw himself into

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14.A.honour B.safety C.credit D.struggle

15.A.final B.disappointing C.wise D.heartbreaking

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17.A.welled up B.showed up C.came up D.sprang up

18.A.distrust B.doubt C.hardships D.criticism

19.A.thrown at B.provided for C.arranged for D.distributed to

20.A.challenges B.fear C.fate D.misbelief

 

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