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Deep reading, as opposed to superficial (shallow) reading we do on the Web, is an endangered practice, one we ought to take steps to preserve as we would a historic building or a significant work of art.
Recent research has illustrated that deep reading, characterized as a unique experience different kind from the mere understanding of words, is slow, immersive (沉浸的), rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity. Although deep reading does not, strictly speaking, require a conventional book, the limits of the printed page are uniquely helpful to the deep reading experience. A book’s lack of hyperlinks (超链接), for example, frees the reader from making decisions—should I click on this link or not—allowing her to remain fully absorbed in the story.
That immersion is supported by the way the brain handles language rich in detail, indirect reference and figures of speech: by creating a mental representation that draws on the same brain regions that would be active if the scene were unfolding in real life. The emotional situations and moral dilemmas that are the material of literature are also vigorous (有活力的) exercise for the brain, driving us inside the heads of fictional characters and even, studies suggest, increasing our real-life capacity (能力) for recognition.
None of this is likely to happen when we’re browsing through a website. Although we call the activity by the same name, the deep reading of books and the information-driven reading we do on the Web are very different, both in the experience they produce and in the capacity they develop. A growing body of evidence suggests that online reading may be less satisfying, even for the “digital natives” to whom it is so familiar. Researchers reported that 39% of children and teens read daily using electronic devices, but only 28% read printed materials every day. Those who only read onscreen were three times less likely to say they enjoy reading very much and tell which book they like best. The study also found that young people who read daily only onscreen were nearly twice less likely to be above-average readers than those who read daily in print or both in print and onscreen.
All in all, the disappearance of deep reading would harm the intellectual and emotional development of generations growing up online, as well as the preservation of a critical part of our culture: the novels, poems and other kinds of literature that can be appreciated only by readers whose brains have been trained to understand them.
Passage outline | Supporting details |
The present situation about deep reading | ◆ As we are reading more on the Web, deep reading has a tendency to 1. . ◆ Like a historic building or a significant work of art, deep reading 2. our preservation. |
3. of deep reading | ◆ Deep reading4. complex emotional and moral experiences. ◆ Deep reading usually 5. from printed materials. ◆ Deep reading helps train a reader’s brain and make it more6. . ◆ Compared with online reading, deep reading can bring readers more 7. . ◆ Deep reading makes a bigger 8. in increasing readers’ reading ability. |
Conclusion | ◆ Without deep reading, generations in this digital world can’t develop well in emotion and9. . ◆ Without deep reading, people may be10. to appreciate literature. |
“Could you see the whites of their eyes?" said the man, who was seated on a soap box.
“Nothing of the kind.," replied old Henry warmly.“Just a lot of figures running towards us, and I let go at where there appeared to be most. Bang!"
“Mr. Fleming:”said the grocer一his respectful voice expressed somehow the old man's exact social weight-' "Mr. Fleming. you never were frightened much in those battles, were you?"
The veteran (老兵) looked down and smiled. Observing his manner, the entire group laughed a little.“Well, I guess I was." he answered finally.“Pretty well scared. sometimes. Why. in my first battle, I thought the sky was falling down. I thought the world was coming to an end. You bet I was scared."
Everyone laughed. Perhaps it seemed strange and rather wonderful to them that a man should admit the thing. and in the tone of their laughter there was probably more admiration than if old Fleming had declared that he had always been a lion Moreover, they knew that he had ranked as an orderly sergeant (中士). and so their opinion of heroism was fixed. None, to be sure, knew how an orderly sergeant ranked. but then it was understood to be somewhere just shy of a major-general's stars. So, when old Henry admitted that he had been frightened, there was a laugh.
“The trouble was," said the old man,“I thought they were all shooting at me. Yes, sir, I thought every man in the other army was aiming at me in particular. and only me. And it seemed so unreasonable. you know. I wanted to explain to them what an almighty good fellow I was. because I thought then they might quit all trying to hit me. But I couldn't explain, and they kept on being unreasonable. Blimp! Blam! Bang! So. I ran!"
Two little triangles of wrinkles appeared at the corners of his eyes. Evidently he appreciated some comedy in this storytelling. Down near his feet, however, little Jim, his grandson, was obviously horror-stricken. His hands were clasped nervously. and his eyes were wide with astonishment at this terrible scandal (丑闻), his most magnificent grandfather telling such a thing.
“That was at Chancellorsville. Of course, afterwards I got kind of used to it A man does. Lots of men, though, seem to feel all right from the start. I did. as soon as I got on to it" as they say now, but at first I was pretty well scared. Now, there was young Jim Conklin, old Si Conklin's son- that used to keep the leather factory- you none of you recall him- -well, he went into it from the start just as if he was born to it. But with me it was different. I had to get used to it."
When little Jim walked with his grandfather. he was in the habit of skipping along on the stone pavement, in front of the three stores and the hotel of the town, and betting that he could avoid the cracks. But upon this day he walked calmly. with his hand gripping two of his grandfather's fingers. Sometimes he kicked abstractedly at dandelions that curved over the walk. Anyone could see that he was much troubled.
“Um," said the boy. with a strange lack of interest. He continued his reflections. Then finally he asked:“Grandpa- now- -was that true what you were telling those men?"
“What?" asked the grandfather. “What was I telling them?"
“Oh, about your running.
“Why. yes, that was true enough, Jimmie. It was my first fight, and there was an awful lot of noise, you know.'
Jimmie seemed a bit confused that this idol (偶像). of its own will, should be so weak. His stout boyish idealism was injured and then lapsed into a moody silence.
1.What can be inferred from everyone's laugh when Fleming admitted he was scared sometimes?
A.They didn't expect a man like Fleming should admit his fright.
B.They thought that he was just making some kind of joke.
C.They were scared of his social weight and could do nothing else.
D.They teased him for his not being ashamed of his escape from the battlefield.
2.Why was little Jim astonished when Fleming told his story?
A.Because people laughed at his grandfather.
B.Because his grandfather failed to keep the secret.
C.Because his grandfather disappointed him.
D.Because people knew how an orderly sergeant ranked.
3.Which of the following can best describe Henry Fleming?
A.Shy but brave. B.Smart and admirable.
C.Honest and courageous. D.Frightened but heroic.
4.How does the author expose the character of Henry Fleming?
A.In a way of Romanticism. B.By a means of Impressionism.
C.With a method of Symbolism. D.In a style of Naturalism.
5.Which of the following can be served as the best title for the story?
A.The scandal B.The veteran
C.The war D.The lion
It doesn’t kill germs better than cooler water, but turning tap temperatures high, the US burns carbon equal to the emissions of Barbados.
People typically wash their hands seven times a day in the United States, but they do it at a far higher temperature than is necessary to kill germs, a new study says. The energy waste is equivalent to the fuel use of a small country.
It’s cold and flu season, when many people are concerned about avoiding germs. But forget what you think you know about hand washing, say researchers at Vanderbilt University. Chances are good that how you clean up is not helping you stay healthy; it is helping to make the planet sick.
Amanda R. Carrico, a research assistant professor at the Vanderbilt Institute for Energy and Environment in Tennessee, told National Geographic that hand washing is often “a case where people act in ways that they think are in their best interest, but they in fact have inaccurate beliefs or outdated perceptions.”
Carrico said, “It’s certainly true that heat kills bacteria, but if you were going to use hot water to kill them it would have to be way too hot for you to tolerate.”
She explained that boiling water, 212°F (99.98°C), is sometimes used to kill germs — for example, to clean drinking water that might be polluted with germs. But “hot” water for hand washing is generally within 104°F to 131°F (40°C to 55°C). At the high end of that range, heat could kill some germs, but the sustained contact that would be required would scald the skin.
Carrico said that after a review of the scientific literature, her team found “no evidence that using hot water that a person could stand would have any benefit in killing bacteria.” Even water as cold as 40°F (4.4°C) appeared to reduce bacteria as well as hotter water, if hands were scrubbed, rinsed (冲洗) and dried properly.
In fact, she noted that hot water can often have an unfavorable effect on hygiene. “Warmer water can harm the skin and affect the protective layer on the outside, which can cause it to be less resistant to bacteria,” said Carrico.
Using hot water to wash hands is therefore unnecessary, as well as wasteful, Carrico said, particularly when it comes to the environment. According to her research, people use warm or hot water 64 percent of the time when they wash their hands. Using that number, Carrico’s team calculated a significant impact on the planet.
“Although the choice of water temperature during a single hand wash may appear minor, when multiplied by the nearly 800 billion hand washes performed by Americans each year, this practice results in more than 6 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent emissions annually,” she said.
That’s roughly equal to the emissions of two coal-fired power plants, or 1,250,000 passenger vehicles, over the course of a year. It’s higher than the greenhouse gas emissions of small countries like EI Salvador or Armenia, and is about equivalent to the emissions of Barbados. If all US citizens washed their hands in cooler water, it would be like eliminating the energy-related carbon emissions of 299,700 US homes, or the total annual emissions from the US zinc or lead industries.
The researchers found that close to 70 percent of respondents said they believe that using hot water is more effective than warm, room temperature, or cold water, despite a lack of evidence backing that up, said Carrico. Her study noted research that showed a “strong cognitive (认知的) connection” between water temperature and hygiene in both the United States and Western Europe, compared to other countries, like Japan, where hot water is associated more with comfort than with health.
The researchers published their results in the July 2013 issue of International Journal of Consumer Studies. They recommended washing with water that is at a “comfortable” temperature, which they noted may be warmer in cold months and cooler in hot ones.
1.What does the writer mainly focus on when writing this passage?
A.Whether hot water helps kill germs effectively in hand washing.
B.How hot water contributes to the serious worsening of our planet.
C.Why the consumption of hot water is unnecessary and wasteful.
D.What the advantages and disadvantages of using hot water are.
2.The underlined word scald in paragraph six probably means_________.
A.burn B.improve
C.soften D.wrinkle
3.According to the passage, all the following share roughly the same CO2 emissions yearly EXCEPT______.
A.two coal-fired power plants B.US zinc or lead industries
C.1,250,000 passenger vehicles D.EI Salvador or Armenia
4.Which of the following is WRONG according to the passage?
A.Boiling water at 212°F (99.98°C) works effectively in killing germs.
B.Warmer water can damage the protective layer of the outside skin.
C.There is much difference between cold water and hot water in reducing bacteria.
D.Americans have inaccurate beliefs or outdated perceptions in hand washing.
5.Which of the following is the standard of a comfortable water temperature for washing hands?
A.Warmer in winter and cooler in summer.
B.Between 104°F to 131°F (40°C to 55°C).
C.Below 104°F (40°C) or above 131°F (55°C).
D.Warm enough to kill germs and clean up.
The year 2018 will mark the 100h anniversary of the deadliest influenza outbreak in history. It is estimated that the influenza pandemic (瘟疫) of 1918 killed more than 50 million people around the world. Other estimates go much higher. Because of a lack of medical record-keeping, we may never know the exact number.
The influenza was a fast killer. Some victims died within hours of their first symptoms. Others died after a few days. “Their lungs filled with liquid and they choked to death.” The 1918 flu pandemic was also different from other outbreaks. It struck many young. healthy people. Viruses usually affect sick or old people.
Although modern medicine effectively controls many diseases, influenza remains difficult to protect against. The World Health Organization estimates that every year influenza kills 250,000 to 500,000 people around the world. Each year, medical scientists develop flu vaccines (疫苗) which offer immunity (免疫) from some influenza viruses. But they can only guess which form of the virus will spread.
Health officials remain concerned about another flu pandemic. New forms of the flu virus appear regularly. One example was the “swine flu” or H1N1 outbreak in 2009. Anthony Faucal, Director of the National Institute of Infectious Diseases in the United States says that virus caused a true pandemic.
To stop the next pandemic, scientists are now researching how to create a universal influenza vaccine. In October 2017, Vanderbilt University Medical Center in the U. S. announced the Universal Influenza Vaccine Initiative. The university said researchers are leading an international effort to develop a universal influenza vaccine that will protect everyone against all forms of the flu anywhere in the world. The university added that researchers will begin tests in early 2018. The Human Vaccines Project, a public-private partnership, is funding the project. However, until a universal influenza vaccine is available, today’s seasonal flu vaccine remains important.
1.Why is influenza difficult to protect against?
A.It spreads too rapidly.
B.It is quite easy to catch.
C.No vaccine is available.
D.It's hard to judge the form of virus.
2.What does the author want to tell by mentioning H1N1 in 2009?
A.New forms of flu virus keeps appearing.
B.It was the most serious in recent years.
C.It was caused by the same flu virus of 1918.
D.The H1N1 virus was deadly as well.
3.What can we learn about the universal influenza vaccine?
A.The development is quite costly.
B.It will be used all over the world.
C.It can protect against all forms of flu.
D.It will soon come into use in 2019.
Attractions
Do you:
◆ Love the National Park, value it and hope to safeguard its future?
◆ Wish to see the beautiful landscape of the Park protected?
◆ Like to enjoy peaceful informal recreation within the Park?
Aims
The Friends organization aims are to help protect and improve the Pembroke shire Coast National Park for all to enjoy. We are a voluntary organization and registered charity without financial links to the National Park Authority.
Activities
We encourage everyone to enjoy the National Park through regular talks and visits to interesting places in the Park with expert guides.
We keep an eye on planning applications. Park Authority policies and threats to the National Park such as massive leisure complexes. We work with like-minded organizations such as the Campaign for National Parks to make our voice more effective.
We help children to understand the National Park by sponsoring publications such as an adventure booklet and projects in local schools.
Benefits
◆ Guided visits to places of interest which may not always be available to the general public.
◆ All members receive our regular News and Views.
◆ Talks by experts in their fields on current issues.
◆ A discount is available on Friends items for sale.
◆ Satisfaction of participation in work parties, for those willing and able to be involved.
If interested, please complete the Application Form at www.fpnp.org.uk
1.Which of the following is discouraged by the Friends organization?
A.To build massive complexes for public amusement.
B.To prevent possible damages to the National Park.
C.To help protect and improve the Park for all to enjoy.
D.To sponsor publications and projects in local school.
2.The purpose of this poster is to invite more people to ________.
A.raise money for the Friends organization
B.join the Friends organization and be members of it
C.work as managers for Pembroke shire National Park
D.enjoy the landscape of Pembroke shire National Park
The opening and closing of the doors are the most significant actions of man’s life. What a _______ lies in doors!
No man knows what awaits him when he opens a door._______ the most familiar room, where the clock ticks and the hearth glows red at dusk may harbor______. The worker may actually have called and______ the leaking pipe. The cook may have been ill and demanded her passports.
There are many kinds of doors. Revolving doors for hotels, shops and public buildings. They are_____ the busy, bustling ways of modern life. Can you ______ William Shakespeare or Charles Dickens skipping through a ______ door? There are double doors, sliding doors, stage doors and glass doors. The ______ and mystery of a door lies in its quality of being hidden. A glass door is not a door at all, but a window. The meaning of a door is to ______ what lies inside; to keep the heart in suspense.
Also, there are many ways of opening doors. There is the cheery ______ of elbow with which the waiter opens the kitchen door. There is the sympathetic and awful ______ of the dentist’s maid who opens the door into the operating room and, without speaking, ______ that the doctor is ready for you.
The opening of doors has in it some flavor of the ______ , some sense of moving into a new moment. Even in ______ , the opening of a door may bring relief. But the closing of doors could be ______, A door closed brings ______ to an end. And there are degrees of sadness in the closing of doors. A door slammed is a confession of weakness. A door ______ shut may often be the most tragic gesture in life.
The opening and closing of doors is a part of the serious fluency of life. Life will not stay ______ and let us alone. We are ______ opening doors with hope, closing them with despair. Life ______ not much longer than a pipe of tobacco, and destiny knocks us out like the ashes.
1.A.mystery B.relief C.scenery D.pleasure
2.A.So B.Still C.Even D.Also
3.A.wishes B.puzzles C.surprises D.changes
4.A.checked B.fixed C.wrapped D.removed
5.A.necessary to B.different from C.consistent with D.typical of
6.A.imagine B.suggest C.catch D.notice
7.A.stage B.sliding C.glass D.revolving
8.A.symbol B.miracle C.sign D.mark
9.A.busy B.hide C.discover D.exhibit
10.A.knock B.bump C.push D.touch
11.A.silence B.noise C.voice D.peace
12.A.announce B.admits C.implies D.expects
13.A.darkness B.certainty C.possibility D.unknown
14.A.vain B.hope C.sadness D.happiness
15.A.easy B.terrible C.dull D.interesting
16.A.nothing B.everything C.anything D.something
17.A.heavily B.hurriedly C.gently D.firmly
18.A.still B.calm C.silent D.simple
19.A.naturally B.continually C.obviously D.possibly
20.A.measures B.matches C.reaches D.lasts
