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In the United States, engineering is a profession that has been dominated historically by men. Even today, it’s still true that few women become civil or chemical or mechanical engineers, but that’s something www.EngineerGirl.org aims to change. Young women who visit the web site can find out about a great career choice they might not have considered.
“Women are very much underrepresented in engineering and in engineering education programs and then of course, down the road, in the engineering workforce. So only about 20 percent of engineering undergraduate degrees go to women, and then only about nine percent of working engineers are women.”
Mary Mattis in the National Academy of Engineering says the EngineerGirl website aims to reach young women around ages 11 through 14, when they are just getting old enough to start thinking about their futures.
“We know from the research that middle-school girls are at a critical point in their lives, and that it’s a time when we need to reach them, both with an understanding, increasing their awareness of interesting fields in engineering, what a wonderful productive and exciting career you can have as an engineer. But we also need to reach them at that time because you have to take certain courses, and you can’t start thinking about taking those courses when you’re a junior in high school.”
Engineering is a demanding course of study — there is a lot of science and mathematics, for many girls and even boys, that can be challenging. But Ms. Mattis says that the EngineerGirl website stresses that engineering can also be fun and exciting.
“It’s about designing things. It’s about changing the world for people. It’s about making a difference. And, in addition, you can make a good living; you can be independent economically by becoming an engineer. All of those things are messages that girls need to get.”
While most engineers go into traditional fields such as mechanical and electrical engineering, the EngineerGirl site also highlights unusual engineering careers in fields such as sports engineering and — believe it or not — chocolate engineering.
“There’s a section called ‘why be an engineer,’ and that talks about the many opportunities and increasingly different opportunities like with bio-engineering and environmental engineering, some fields that might appeal to girls who want to make a difference or have a meaning for their careers beyond earning an income.”Even if you are not a girl in the target age group, there’s a lot of interesting information on the site, including biographies of some notable women engineers.
Title | Website1.Girls to learn Engineering |
Present2.for the engineering profession in the USA | The majority of men take up the profession throughout3., while only a small number of women work as engineers. |
4.of the website | To make young women5.of interesting fields in engineering and what productivity and6.the career of being engineers can bring them. |
7.of being engineers | * It can be fun and exciting. |
Other fields concerning engineering | Various opportunities are talked about like bio-engineering and engineering10.to sports, and even chocolate. |
Partway through Wonder, Fifth-grader Auggie Pullman finds himself seated across from a new friend in the school cafeteria. “Have you ever thought about having plastic surgery?” the friend asks.
“Dude, this is after plastic surgery. It takes a lot of work to look this good,” Auggie says, running a hand through his hair. In other words, what could be painfully depressing turns out to hold lurking(潜藏的) reserves of humour, which is pretty much the story of Wonder.
Auggie, played by Jacob Tremblay, was born with a facial difference, and even after multiple operations, his looks shock his classmates. As he adapts from homeschooling to a new school community, he encounters far worse than that lunchtime scene－one nasty bully(横行霸道者) says he’d kill himself if he looked like Auggie－but he never fully loses heart.
The movie is an adaptation of the 2012 novel by R.J.Palacio, which has sold 6 million copies in North America and launched an antibullying campaign, Choose Kind. Palacio has said she got the idea for the story when her young son began crying at the sight of a girl with a facial difference in an ice cream shop. She took her kids out of the shop, but later regretted her reaction. “What I should have done is simply turned to the little girl and started up a conversation and shown my kids that there was nothing to be afraid of,” she said.
Tremblay, 11, who broke out opposite Brie Larson in the 2015 drama Room, has more than a few things in common with Auggie. “We both love Star Wars, we have awesome families, and we love our dogs.” But Tremblay thinks we all can find something in common with the boy. “Everyone’s like Auggie in one very important way: we want to be accepted and treated equally and with kindness.”
Julia Roberts, who plays Auggie’s mother, became interested in the part because of her own children, “I read it with my kids and fell so in love with it,” she says of the novel. “This book is such a beautiful and gentle introduction into all kinds of topics, including bullying and intolerance and fear, and what fear makes young people do sometimes.”
Both actors have some familiarity with the subject. “I was picked on quite a bit as a young person,” Roberts says, though she won’t say what for. “Even as a 50-year-old mother of three, it’s not a path I like to go up and down.” Tremblay reveals a bit more. “I have been picked on,” he says, “because I’m kind of short for me age. I told my parents, and that’s one of the best things you can do, because my mom said would never want me to carry negative thoughts on my shoulders alone.”
The most challenging parts of filming, says Tremblay, were moments in which he had to cry. Tenderhearted audience members will likely shed tears of their own－especially during scenes between Auggie and his mom, who repeatedly reassures her son that he is worthy of love. But the movie also has its fair share of hijinks(喧闹): for every tear-filled moment, there is a lightsaber battle or silly science project to lighten the mood. This mixture of pity and humor, says Roberts, “was intrinsic(固有的) in the writing in the novel.” But she credits writer-director Stephen Chbosky with translating that balance into visual terms.
As much as the movie impresses the viewer with compassion for the underdogs, it also finds a way to sympathize with the bullies. “I would say to try to take a moment to be conscious of why a person that is bullying somebody is behaving that way,” says Roberts, “After all”, she adds, “There’s no child that’s born bully.”
1.How did Auggie respond to his friend’s question?
A. He felt so embarrassed that he kept reserved.
B. He flew off the handle the moment he heard it.
C. He answered in a calm but humourous way.
D. He spent quite a while finding the right words.
2.What inspired the story of Wonder?
A. A campaign against bullying in North America.
B. Palacio’s kids being picked on by their classmates.
C. Palacio’s conversation with a girl in an ice cream shop.
D. The way Palacio treated a girl with a facial difference.
3.According to the passage, the theme of the movie Wonder is ________.
A. similar to that of the drama Room
B. focused on the safety of plastic surgery
C. diverse and closely relevant to personal growth
D. a reflection of minority groups’ fate in America
4.What does paragraph 7 mainly talk about?
A. How Julia Roberts got to know Jacob Tremblay.
B. Leading actors’ recalling similar experiences to those in Wonder.
C. Jacob Tremblay’s breakthrough in his acting career.
D. What influence Jacob Tremblay’s mother has on his growth.
5.According to Julia Roberts, Stephen Chbosky _______.
A. is a great lover of Star Wars and wild animals
B. was moved to tears by Jacob Tremblay’s acting
C. is qualified to adapt science fiction into movies
D. succeeded in mixing visual elements with emotion
6.What’s Julia Roberts’ attitude towards the bullies?
A. Uncaring. B. Negative.
C. Sympathetic. D. Cautious.
Scientists have exactly discovered the set of brain cells involved in making risky decisions, and have been able to control them in rats using targeted light. By changing the activity of the cells they were able to change the behaviour of risk-taking rats to avoid risk, hinting the approach could in future be used to treat people with impulse (冲动) control problems.
Risk-taking is a key part of survival, knowing when to take a chance could pay off—such as moving to a new area to look for food when pickings are slim.
While all animals need an element of risk, the preference towards it varies between individuals. Researchers found this variation, which determines how risk-averse an individual is, is regulated by brain cells in a region of the brain called the nucleus accumbens. This cluster of neurons releases the neurotransmitter dopamine, which regulates the brain’s reward and pleasure centres.
Previous studies have shown that in patients with Parkinson’s disease, taking medication which blocks specific dopamine receptors (DR2) (受体) leads to increased gambling (赌博) behaviour and risk taking behaviour. In studies with rats, researchers were able to use a technique called optogenetics (光遗传学)—which uses light sensitive proteins to change the activity of cells—to modify cells with DR2 in the nucleus accumbens.
Rats were trained to choose one of two levers, offering them a choice between a “safe” or “risky” choice. The safe option resulted in a small, but consistent amount of a sugar water treat. But the risky choice consistently delivered smaller amounts of sugar water, with the occasional large pay off—essentially encouraging the animals to gamble for a bigger prize. Around two-thirds of the animals weren’t keen on risk, opting for the safe option, but the remaining third were risk-seekers. Brain scans of the animals showed that those with low levels of DR2 consistently went for the gamble.
But using pulses of light to stimulate (刺激) the DR2 cells and improve their activity could cause the risk-takers to play it safe and opt for the guaranteed but less rewarding option. Once the light-pulses stopped, the risk-takers returned to their gambling strategy.
In the risk-averse animals, stimulating the same cells had little to no effect.
Professor Karl Deisseroth, of Stanford University in California, said: “Humans and rats have similar brain structures involved.”And we found a drug known to increase risk preference in people had the same effect on the rats. So every indication is that these findings are relevant to humans. “Risky behavior has its moments where it’ s valuable. As a species, we wouldn’t have come as far as we have without it.”
1.The variation in people’s preference towards risks is directly regulated by ________.
A. nucleus accumbens B. light sensitive proteins
C. neurons D. dopamine
2.From the experiment with rats, we can conclude that ________.
A. the lack of DR2 cells results in a safe option
B. the levels of DR2 have little to do with their choices
C. the high levels of DR2 can make animals avoid risks
D. the risky choice is a less rewarding option
3.The underlined words in Paragraph 7 most likely mean the animals that are ________.
A. willing to take big risks
B. reluctant to take risks
C. fond of gambling strategy
D. afraid of receiving stimulation
4.What can be inferred from what Professor Karl Deisseroth said?
A. Humans and rats differ in their preference for risk-taking.
B. Too much risk-taking can do more harm than good.
C. Risk-taking can be used to treat people with impulse control problems.
D. Risk-taking is a means of survival and brings higher returns to humans.
Shop with Your Doc is part of a broader and still growing movement in US medicine to shift the focus away from simply treating disease toward caring for the whole person. It is meant to help people make educated, healthy choices one grocery cart at a time. Across the country, hospitals are setting up food banks and medical schools are putting cooking classes on the curriculum. Nonprofits are connecting medical centers with community resources to ensure that low-income Americans have access to fresh fruits and vegetables.
For centuries, Western medicine’s mission was to cure disease. But over the past generation, two generation, two significant trends are of concern to the medical community, says Timothy Harlan, executive director of Goldring Center for Culinary Medicine at Tulane University in New Orleans. Healthcare costs began to soar (激增), and relatively inexpensive, poor-quality food became more common. “There’s a very straightforward link between people improving their diets and improving the condition that they have,” Dr. Harlan says.
The connection drove the medical and nonprofit communities to rethink their approach to health. What emerged was the concept of the “social determinants of health”— the notion of taking into account the biological, physical, and socioeconomic circumstances surrounding a patient. A healthy person isn’t just someone who is free from disease, the theory goes; he or she also enjoys “a state of complete mental, physical and social well-being.”
The question the medical community now faces is how to get patients — especially low-income families — to recognize these determinants and make it possible for them to eat and live healthier. In Boston, medical experts responded by creating an on-site pantry (食品室) at Boston Medical Center. Since its founding in 2002, the pantry has evolved into a kind of nutrition center where primary care providers at BMC send patients for food. Today the pantry, which gets 95 percent of its stock from the Greater Boston Food bank, hosts free cooking classes and serves about 7,000 people a month. The Greater Boston Food Bank has also launched its own initiatives, striking partnerships with four community health centers across the state to offer free mobile produce markets. The organization also helped develop toolkits (软件包) that map local pantries. markets that accept government food vouchers, and other resources.
At Tulane in New Orleans, Harlan is leading the development of a curriculum that combines medicine with the art of food preparation. His philosophy: Doctors who know their way around a kitchen are better at helping their patients. And empowering patients to take charge of their own diets is one way to help them deal with the incredible costs of health care, Harlan says. The curriculum has since been adopted at 35 medical schools around the United States. Chipping away at bad habits is a good place to start getting patients to think about the choices they make for themselves and their families, say Dr Maureen Villasenor, the Orange County pediatrician (儿科医生).
1.The aim of Shop with Your Doc is to________.
A.help patients relax before an operation
B.assist patients in finding food fit for them
C.control people’s food consumption in supermarkets
D.persuade low-income families to take more fruits and vegetables
2.Paragraphs 2 and 3 mainly talk about_________.
A.the role Western medicine has been playing
B.how a new concept of health came into being
C.medical communities’ worries about food safety
D.why low-income families are less reliable on healthcare
3.What do we know about the Greater Boston Food Bank?
A.Its cooking classes are free of charge.
B.It was founded at the beginning of the 21st century.
C.It helps people locate pantries and markets.
D.It treats many a patient from BMC.
Brecon Beacons YAC has an amazing opportunity for budding(崭露头角的) archaeologists of all ages, in Sunderland in Tyne and Wear. Thanks to funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund, professional archaeologists from Wardell Armstrong will be investigating an archaeological mystery and they need your help.
Romans?
“The site is a bit of a mystery”, Frank Giecco from Wardell Armstrong said. “There is a very nice cropmark recorded on the site that has got lots of people very excited. Geophysicists failed to find anything relating to the cropmark. There is anecdotal evidence of Roman material being found, but nothing is officially recorded. We hope to finally answer the question of what is in this field, during the two weeks on site. Is there evidence of any Roman occupation on the site? Can you help us find out?”
Get involved
This is an opportunity for both adults and children to take part in field walking and trial trenching (small hand-dug test pits for children). No experience is necessary, training will be provided by the professional archaeologists from Wardell Armstrong, and all equipment will be provided. Volunteers can attend for as few or as many days as they wish, but they do need to book a place.
For more information, and to book your place, please contact Norman Kirtlan at sunderlandforgottenstones@gmail.com.
1.If you intend to take part in the activity, you ________.
A. will be charged for using equipment
B. will be coached by experts in the field
C. should have worked with archaeologists before
D. should spare two weeks to stay at the site
2.What’s the main purpose of the passage?
A. To seek funding for archaeological research.
B. To appeal for help in proving findings based on anecdotal evidence.
C. To find volunteers to help solve an archaeological mystery.
D. To organize volunteers to help sort our data on the Roman occupation.
