When we walk through the city, we all experience a kind of information overload but we pay attention only to those that are important to us. We don’t stop, we keep our faces expressionless and eyes straight ahead, and in doing so, we are not just protecting ourselves but are avoiding overloading other people as well.
We make use of stereotypes (刻板的模式) as convenient ways to make quick judgements about situations and people around us. They may not always be accurate, and they can often be dangerously wrong, but they are used regularly.
The problem with the stereotypes is that they restrict experiences. By using limited clues to provide us with a rapid opinion of other people or places we may choose to limit our communication. We may decide not to go to certain places because we believe they will not offer something we enjoy.
In the city, styles of dress are particularly important with regard to self-presentation. Different groups often use clearly identifiable styles of clothes so that they can be easily recognized. It is becoming increasingly common for brand names to be placed on the outside of clothes, and this labeling makes it easy to send out information about fashion and price instantly, and lets others tell at a distance whether an individual has similar tastes and is a suitable person to associate with.
In England, where social grouping or class continues to make social distinctions（区分）, clothes, hairstyles, people’s pronunciation and the manner of speaking are all clues to our social group. Class distinctions tend to be relatively fixed, although in the city where greater variety is permitted, they are more likely to be secondary determining factors of friendship and association.
1.People walking in cities ignore the surroundings because __________.
A.they do not wish to talk to other people B.everyone else is expressionless
C.the environment is already familiar to them D.there is too much information to take in
2.According to the passage, the main disadvantage of using stereotypes is that they __________.
A.are likely to lead us into dangerous situations
B.may make us miss some pleasant experiences
C.can rarely be relied on
D.make us mentally lazy
3.From the passage we may conclude that _________.
A.stereotypes can help to understand people fully
B.people are becoming more interested in fashion
C.dressing can send messages about individuals
D.stereotypes can do more harm than good to people
4.It would appear that in England, a person’s class __________.
A.might be less important in making friends in a city
B.is mainly determined by his pronunciation
C.plays less of a role than it did in the past
D.is something that can be changed easily
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Chicago
Basic Photography
This is an eight-hour course for beginners who want to learn how to use a 35mm camera. The teacher will cover such areas as kinds of film, light, and lenses(镜头). Bring your own 35mm camera to the class.
Course Charge: $150
Jan. 10, 12, 17, 19, Tues. & Thurs. 6-8p.m.
Marianne Adams is a professional photographer whose photographs appear in many magazines.
Understanding Computers
This twelve-hour course is for people who don’t know very much about computers, but who need to learn about them. You will learn what computers are, what they can and can’t do, and how to use them.
Course Charge: $75
Equipment Charge: $10
Jan. 7, 14, 21, 28, Sat. 9-12 a.m.
Joseph Saimders is a professor of computer science at New Urban University. He has over twelve years of experience in the computer field.
Stop Smoking
Do you want to stop smoking? Have you already tried to stop and failed? Now it is the time to stop smoking using the latest methods. You can stop smoking, and this twelve-hour course will help you do it.
Course Charge: $30
Jan. 4, 11, 18, 25 Mon. 4-7 p.m.
Dr. John Goode is a practicing psychologist (心理学家) who has helped hundreds of people stop smoking.
Typing
This course on weekdays is for those who want to type as well as those who want to improve their typing. You are tested in the first class and practice at one of eight different skill levels. This allows you to learn at your own speed. Each program lasts 20 hours. Bring your own paper.
Course Charge: $125
Materials Charge: $25
Two hours each evening for two weeks.
This course is taught by a number of business education teachers who have successfully taught typing courses before.
1.The word “professional” in this advertisement most probably means “_____”
A. spiritual B. journalist C. professor D. experienced
2.The shortest course is _____.
A. Basic Photography B. Understanding Computers
C. Stop Smoking D. Typing
3.A course which can do something good for your health will cost____.
A. $50 B. $30 C.$10 D.$125
4.If you can have free time only on weekends, you should take the course _________.
A. Basic Photography B. Understanding Computers
C. Stop Smoking D. Typing
Deserts are found where there is little rainfall or where rain for a whole year falls in only a few weeks' time. Ten inches of rain may be enough for many plants to survive if the rain is spread throughout the year, If it falls, within one or two months and the rest of the year is dry, those plants may die and a desert may form.
Sand begins as tiny pieces of rock that get smaller and smaller as wind and weather wear them down. Sand dunes are formed as winds move the sand across the desert. Bit by bit, the dunes grow over the years, always moving with the winds and changing the shape. Most of them are only a few feet tall, but they can grow to be several hundred feet high.
There is, however, much more to a desert than sand. In the deserts of the southwestern United States, cliffs and deep valleys were formed from thick mud that once lay beneath a sea more than millions of years ago. Over the centuries, the water dried up. Wind, sand, rain, heat and cold all wore away at the remaining rocks. The faces of the desert mountains are always changing—very, very slowly—as these forces of nature continue to work on the rock.
Most deserts have a surprising variety of life. There are plants, animals and insects that: have adapted to life in the desert. During the heat of the day, a visitor may see very few signs of living things, but as the air begins to cool in the evening, the desert comes to life. As the sun begins to rise again in the sky, the desert once again becomes quiet and lonely.
1.Many plants may survive in deserts when___________.
A.the rain is spread out in a year B.the rain falls only in a few weeks
C.there is little rain in a year D.it is dry all the year round
2.Sand dunes are formed when___________.
A.sand piles up gradually B.there is plenty of rain in a year
C.the sea has dried up over the years D.pieces of rock get smaller
3.The underlined sentence in the third paragraph probably means that in a desert there is____________.
A.too much sand B.more sand than before
C.nothing except sand D.something else besides sand
When I was 12, all I wanted was a signet(图章)ring. They were the “in” thing and it seemed every girl except me had one. On my 13th birthday, my Mum gave me a signet ring with my initials(姓名首字母) carved into it. I was in heaven.
What made it even more special was that it was about the ;only thing that wasn’t being “replaced”. We’d been burnt out in fires that swept through our area earlier that year and had lost everything—so most of the “new” stuff(东 西)we got was rally just to replace what we’d lost. But not my ring. My ring was new.
Then, only one month later, I lost it. I took if off before bed and it was missing in the morning. I was sad and searched everywhere for it. But it seemed to have disappeared. Eventually, I gave up and stopped looking for it. And two years later, we sold the house and moved away.
Years passed, and a couple of moves later, I was visiting my parents’ when Mum told me that she had something for me. It wasn’t my birthday, nor was it Easter or Christmas or any other gift-giving occasion. Mum noticed my questioning look. “ You’ll recognize this one.,” she said smiling.
Then she handed me a small ring box. I took it from her and opened it to find my beautiful signet ring inside. The family who had bought our house 13 years earlier had recently decided to do some redecorations, which included replacing the carpets. When they pulled the carpet up in my old bedroom, they found the ring. As it had my initials carved into it. they realized who owned the ring. They’d had it professionally cleaned up by a jeweler before sending it to my mother. And it still fits me.
1.The underlined “ word” in in the fins paragraph probably means “ ”.
A. fashionable
B. available
C. practical
D. renewable
2.When she got the ring back, the writer was about .
A. 13 years old
B. 15 years old
C. 26 years old
D. 28 years old
3.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The writer’s family moved several times.
B. The writer never stopped looking for her ring.
C. The writer’s ring was cleaned up by the new house owner.
D. The writer lost her ring in the morning when she took it off.
4.What would be the best title for the passage?
A. My New Ring
B. Lost and Found
C. Lost and Replaced
D. An Expensive Ring
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为150左右。
Once rainy spring day, Mom became a single mother. My little brother was two, my sister was eight, and I was fourteen. Those first weeks were especially hard before our small monthly support payments began. Mom found work in a potato-chip factory, but didn’t get paid right away.
That first Saturday morning as she left for work, Mom said, “I didn’t get ‘I don’t know what you’ll cook for supper.’ I won’t get paid until Monday, but I’m out of money, and our shelves are bare.” She laughed, but tears filled her eyes.
“Don’t that fairy tale have a happy ending? No, but we’ll do better,” I said. “I’ll ask Jesus to get us food today.” My words sounded brave even to myself. She shook her head and went to work.
I had planted a garden in our backyard. The lettuce (莴苣) and peas were up, but nothing was ready to eat. I looked through the kitchen and discovered Mom was right. We only had cereal (麦片) for our breakfast.
While my sister and brother played, I prayed and tidied the house. I was washing our front-room window when a cheery man in a blue shirt came over and rang the doorbell. Although I'd never seen him before, his big smile made me trust him.
When I opened the door, he asked “Have you heard about the new grocery store a mile from here? Today is its grand opening.”
I nodded. I’d seen their signs as I rode past on the school bus.
“They’re giving away gift coupons (礼券) to celebrate.” He pulled three white cards from his shirt pocket and handed them to me. “The first is for a huge loaf of bread, the second is for a gallon of milk, and the third lets you choose a half-gallon of your favorite flavor of ice cream.”
Paragraph 1:
I stared. “Really? There’s no purchase required?” _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2:
When Mom returned, we had food on the table. “Where did you get this?” Mom asked.
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假定你是你班英语科代表李华，得知许多同学长时间在网上学习英语。就此请你用英语给你班同学发一封电子邮件，内容包括：
1. 陈述长时间在网上学习造成的影响；
2. 你的建议（控制时间、多种形式相结合等）。
注意：
1. 词数80左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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