The executive committee of the World Anti-Doping Agency(WADA，世界反兴奋剂组织) agreed to a series of tough measures against Russia on December 9. According to The Washington Post, it is the most severe punishment to date in the years-long Russian doping saga (兴奋剂事件).
Russia is prohibited from participating in all major international sports events in the next four years, including the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, and the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. The country will also be banned from hosting any major sports events.
The reason for such severe punishment is that WADA believes the Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RUSADA) did not actively cooperate with its investigation. WADA also claims that the sample data submitted by the Moscow laboratory in January 2019 was incomplete and untrue. A great deal of data was deleted and changed.
Under the four-year ban, the Russian flag and anthem (国歌) are also prohibited from being displayed at major events. Only ''clean'' Russian athletes will be allowed to participate in international competitions under a neutral flag if they can provide the necessary proof.
Several countries and organizations have already upheld (支持) WADA's decision. The International Olympic Committee states that the decision is binding (有约束力的) and will also support the ruling (裁决) of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (国际体育仲裁法庭) in the future if Russia appeals. Norway said it would refuse Russia's participation in the Ski World Cup in2023.
The head of the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency said the ruling against Russia was “too moderate” and that the failure to ban Russian athletes from participating in any sports event was a blow to international sports. Although RUSADA will have three weeks to appeal against WADA's decision, according to the reaction of other organizations, there is a high possibility that the penalties will be carried out.
Russian president Vladimir Putin said the country had every reason to appeal against the decision. ''The key thing, and everyone is in agreement here, any punishment has to be individual, has to be targeted based on what a particular individual has done. We can't have collective punishment, '' Putin stressed. ''We cannot punish people who have nothing to do what so ever with violations.''
Despite the ban, Russia will be able to compete at Euro 2020 — in which St. Petersburg will be a host city — as European football’s governing body UEFA is not defined as a ''major event organization. ''
1.What does the underlined word prohibit in paragraph 2 mean?
A.To forbid. B.To force. C.To encourage. D.To urge.
2.Which of the following statements is true?
A.In 2021 Russian can host some major sports events.
B.Under the ban, the Russian flag and anthem can be displayed at major events.
C.No Russian athletes will be allowed to participate in international competitions.
D.Russian president Vladimir Putin is against the punishment.
3.Where can you find this passage?
A.In a guidebook. B.In a madcine journal.
C.In a science news report. D.In a sports news report.
4.What is the author's attitude to the ban?
A.Supportive. B.Objective. C.Indifferent. D.Puzzled.
Art and culture is lived and breathed in every corner of Canada. Due to a racial and immigrant(移民的) population, the variety and richness of art and sports is very evident.
Since World War Ⅱ, Canada has produced an impressive amount of writing. From novels to poetry, the selection is wide. Native writers are also becoming better known across Canada in recent years.
Musicians are reaching a higher level of recognition in the world music scene. Everything from country to pop, classical to heavy rock can be found across Canada and across the globe performed by Canadian artists.
The National Film Board, a film crew in Canada, is the most famous producer of movies in Canada. However, many Hollywood studios are turning to Canada as an alternative(供替代的选择) to the more expensive US. Many well-known actors, directors, screen writers and movies come from Canada and often scoop awards for their work.
French art was the first to appear in Canada along the St Lawrence in and around Quebec. Since then the volume of art and artists has increased. Canadian photography as well as painting by Canadians is not well-known outside of Canada but recognition is increasing.
Sport is a major part of today’s society in Canada. Hockey is the most popular sport with more participants taking part in curling(冰壶). American-style football and baseball are also very popular and all of these sports are played across Canada.
1.Canada has many forms of art and culture because it has ___________.
A.a long history B.a large area
C.a large population D.a variety of immigrants
2.What does the underlined word ＂scoop＂ mean in the passage?
A.Expect. B.Set up.
C.Harvest. D.Ignore.
3.Which group of Canadian artists is well-known all over the world today?
A.Native writers and screen writers. B.Photographers and actors.
C.Painters and writers. D.Musicians, actors and directors.
4.What would be the best title for the passage?
A.Brief Introduction to Canada
B.Canadian Arts, Culture and Sports
C.Canadian Artists
D.Canadian Arts and Culture Are World Famous
When I was three, my parents took me to have an operation in India, which stopped my eyesight from deteriorating（恶化）. Several years later we moved to Pakistan, where I received 12 operations within one year and went completely blind. Later, I realized that the doctors used me as an experiment.
I met my husband when he came over from India to study. I wanted to go to India to marry him, but it was almost impossible to emigrate. I made a crazy plan to cross the borders of several countries to get to India. I was arrested in the first country I escaped to. Back in Pakistan, I lost my job and was asked to sign a “never-to-escape” promise. Instead, when I got home, I made a cup of coffee and decided to make a formal application for emigration. The chance was slim, and people who applied to go to India found it hard to find a job in Pakistan while they were waiting. In the end, my husband managed to smooth the way for my emigration. We got married and had children. But after nine years, he died of brain cancer. I was helpless for a while, and then I learned to face reality optimistically. He taught us happiness came from inside us.
Six years ago, I brought home a dog called Moritz from the seeing-eye dog centre. He was short with long ears. No one liked him because of his pathetic（可怜的）appearance. We were almost always together. Moritz could not leave me for even one minute. Now when I walk down the street, not like before, people will come up and say, “What a good seeing-eye dog!”, and have a little chat with me as a normal creature.
I’m now working for the Association of the Blind and I have many good friends, and a special friend in Hamburg. It is a wonderful feeling to speak freely with someone I can’t see, to trust one another.
1.The author went blind just because _______.
A. she was born completely blind
B. she received an operation in India
C. her parents didn’t pay attention to her illness
D. she was unluckily put to the test
2.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. It was full of hope to unite with her husband.
B. Emigrating to India was never easy at that time.
C. She was very thin and weak at that hard time.
D. There was little chance to find a job in India.
3. When the author walked down the street before, people may _________.
A. look down upon her and view her as a poor being
B. chat with her with great warmth
C. criticize how ugly her dog looked
D. respect her for her independence
4. From the text, we learn the author is ________.
A. a burden not only for her family but also for the society
B. a kind-hearted lady protecting wretched pets
C. not an obedient citizen
D. a determined and optimistic person
Ottawa is located on the south bank of the Ottawa River, east of Southern Ontario. It borders the cities of Quebec and Gatineau.
How to Reach Plane --- Ottawa is served by its main international airport, Ottawa Macdonald -Cartier International Aiport, which services several Canadian and American cities, with international flights to some European cities, such as London and Frankfurt.
Bus--- the city has easily accessible buses with their public transport system named OC Transpo, which serves areas around the city. The Greyhound offers long-haul trips to neighboring cities.
Boat--- water shuttle taxis that are eco-friendly can take passengers through the Ottawa and Gatineau River.
Train--- there is a major train station in Ottawa located downtown.
Taxi --- taxi services are easily accessible in Ottawa's downtown districts.
Bike --- Ottawa has more than 200 km of bike paths and tourists and visitors can rent bikes all around the city.
When to Visit
The best time to visit Ottawa is between March and May. This is when temperatures start to rise and the city is in bloom. The summer season is the most popular time to visit the city, as the good weather coincides with Ottawa's celebration of special events.
1.Where cannot you arrive directly from Ottawa by plane?
A.South Africa. B.Canada. C.America. D.England.
2.Which is the best means of transport friendly to the environment?
A.By plane. B.By bus. C.By boat. D.By train
3.When will a person interested in celebrations visit Ottawa?
A.In March. B.In spring. C.In June. D.In winter.
请阅读下面文字，并按照要求用英语写一篇 150 词左右的文章。
Dear editor,
I was shocked by the news that neighbors of a German university protested to the government that some students often gathered and shouted at night, disturbing local residents. They demanded if the students were not dismissed, they would move out of the area.
I want to ask those young people: When you were letting off screams, were you aware that you were damaging other people’s normal life?
This doesn’t happen by chance. I often witness similar things in our country, too. For example, throwing waste water onto the streets and spitting in public places can frequently be seen. Some tourists litter casually or even carve their names on ancient scenic spots! Many young people are fond of jumping queues and never offer their seats to the elderly.
All over the world, people are beginning to worry that civilized behavior is a thing of the past. In fact, civilized behavior can help bring trust from others and success in the fierce world market competition. Therefore, increasing the quality of citizens is becoming urgent.
Anonymous
[写作内容]
1. 用约 30 个单词概述上述信息的主要内容;
2. 以约120词就“文明礼仪”这一话题谈谈你的认识，内容包括：
(1) 从和谐社会建设和个人成长发展的角度论述“文明礼仪”的重要性；
(2) 联系实际，谈谈你打算如何做一个文明守礼的中学生。
[写作要求]
1. 写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；
3. 不必写标题。
[评分标准]
内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
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请认真阅读下列短文, 并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单 词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题纸上相应题号的横线上。
What makes us laugh?
Why do we laugh? Well it’s funny you should ask, but this question is a very interesting one to investigate. For what at first seems like a simple question turns out to require a surprisingly complex answer –– one that takes us on a journey into the very heart of trying to understand human nature.
Most people would guess that we laugh because something is funny. But if you watch when people actually laugh, you’ll find this isn’t the case. Laughter expert Robert Provine spent hours recording real conversations at shopping malls, classrooms, offices and cocktail parties, and he found that most laughter did not follow what looked like jokes. People laughed at the end of normal sentences, in response to unfunny comments or questions such as “Look, it’s Andre”, or “Are you sure?”. Even attempts at humor that provoked laughter didn’t sound that funny.
So if we want to understand laughter, perhaps we need to go deeper, and look at what is going on in the brain. The areas that control laughing lie deep in the sub cortex(下皮层), and in terms of evolutionary development these parts of the brain are ancient, responsible for primal(原始) behaviors such as breathing and basic reflexes(反射). This means laughter control mechanisms are located a long way away from brain regions that developed later and control higher functions such as language or even memory.
Perhaps this explains why it is so hard to control a laugh, even if we know it is inappropriate. Once a laugh is started deep within our brains these “higher function” brain regions have trouble interfering. And the opposite is true, of course. It is difficult to laugh on demand. If you consciously make yourself laugh it will not sound like the real thing – at least initially.
But this does not fully answer the original question. To answer this, perhaps we need to look outwards, to look at the social factors at play when people laugh. Provine’s study suggests that it isn’t just some independent process that happens to us while we are talking to someone. He also found that laughter was most common in situations of emotional warmth and so-called “in-groupness”.
Perhaps “transmission” is another most important feature of laughter. Just listening to someone laugh is funny. You can even catch laughter from yourself. Start with a forced laugh and if you keep it up you will soon find yourself laughing for real.
What these observations show is that laughter is both fundamentally social, and rooted deep within our brains, part and parcel of ancient brain structures. All these things are true. And biologists say each time we get closer to an answer for a fundamental question, it deepens our appreciation of the challenge remaining to answer the others. And there is a long way to go.
What makes us laugh? | ||
Introduction | Studying laugh is closely 1.to understanding human nature. | |
2. | ●The popular 3.is not true that we laugh because something is funny. ●The study of real conversations reveals that laughter didn’t 4. follow funny comments. | |
Causes | Inside | ● Ancient areas 5.for primal behaviors control laughing. ● “Higher function” regions can’t 6.with laughing. |
7. | ● Situations of emotional warmth and in-groupness give 8.to laughing. ●Laughter can be 9., which is another most important feature. | |
Conclusion | The origin of laugh is associated with both brain structures and 10.factors. |
