All adults at some time or another commit (犯罪) a crime, sometimes by accident, but why do some people intentionally commit crimes? Here are three theories that try to explain the causes of criminal behaviour.
GENETIC (遗传的) CAUSES
The idea that some people commit crimes because of biological causes has a long tradition. This theory suggests that criminals are born, not made. In the 19th century some people even thought brain sizes and skull shapes could explain criminal behaviour. Although experts today no longer believe this, they do argue that human behaviour can be linked to an individual’s genes. Studies of adopted children who show criminal behaviour suggest that their behaviour is more similar to their biological parents behaviour-than their adoptive parents’, showing a genetic link.
ENVIRONMENT
This theory states that a person’s surroundings influence their behaviour. Just as children learn good behaviour from their parents and brothers or sisters, children can learn bad behaviour from their families and other close relationships. Researchers in this area argue that early anti-social (反社会的) behaviour in childhood often leads to a future of criminal behaviour. It is a dangerous circle, as one expert states: “Problem children are likely to grow up into problem adults, and problem adults are likely to produce more problem children.”
CHOICE
The central idea of this theory is that crime is a career decision, an alternative (可选择的) way of making a living. The theory argues that most criminals are sensible people, who know what they want and the different ways of getting it, i.e. work or crime. They are able to balance the risks of committing a crime, such as going to prison, against its benefits, i.e. what they gain if they aren’t caught. The conclusion is: if there are more benefits than risks, do it, but if there are more risks than benefits, don’t do it.
1.What does the second theory conclude?
A.A family determines a child’s future.
B.Relatives play a key role in a person’s crime.
C.Uneducated children tend to become criminals.
D.The environment greatly influences people’s behaviour.
2.According to the text, criminals ________.
A.consider what they can lose and gain in a crime
B.don’t think before they decide on a life of crime
C.tend to believe they can avoid the risks of a crime
D.often achieve their goals through crime instead of work
3.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Types of crimes
B.Crimes and punishments
C.Why do people commit crimes?
D.What influences will crimes have?
It is rightly said one can share any secret with a true friend. He may know your deepest fears and weaknesses and yet will never take advantage of you. However, keeping a friend’s secrets to yourself and not telling the world is what makes the bond grow strong and last forever. You need to develop trust and mutual (互相的) understanding before you start sharing secrets with each other. With friends, secret talks never seem to end and it can get really amusing to know what has been going on in your friend’s mind.
There is a certain time in life especially from the teenage years when one starts having a personal periphery (界限) in life and parents are excluded (排斥) from it. It is because there are certain things that they can’t understand and we can’t discuss with them. That is when friends become the best secret sharers. They are the ones to whom one reveals one’s feelings and best kept secrets.
It is a general belief that only girls share secrets. But boys have their own secrets that they discuss with only closest friends. The secret talks can range (变化) from relationships, talks about fights with parents, secret activities and anything that is not supposed to be known to others! If you think secrets are limited to only teenagers, get your facts right! Secrets can be shared at any age and there is no hard and fast rule that secrets are shared only among youngsters.
Sharing secrets with a friend is not just fun, but it also helps to develop a lasting trust in one another. Sometimes, sharing secrets will tell you more about the person. You will come to know whether your friend is reliable and trustworthy and whether it is worth sharing your secrets with them. You can call it a test of friendship.
1.What is an advantage of sharing secrets with a friend?
A.It helps a lot in your study.
B.It leads you to a carefree life.
C.It makes you popular with other people.
D.It contributes to a long-term mutual belief.
2.What does Paragraph 2 mainly try to show?
A.Parents are always the best people to share secrets with.
B.Teenagers prefer to share secrets with their friends.
C.Parents should build trust with teenagers.
D.Teenagers grow to be independent.
3.The underlined word “reveals” in paragraph 2 can be best replaced by ______.
A.proves B.tells
C.gets D.holds
4.What can be learned about sharing secrets?
A.It’s limited to girls.
B.It follows strict rules.
C.It can happen at any age.
D.It does harm to a strong bond.
A few years ago, Adina Lichtman was handing out sandwiches on the streets of New York City to help people experiencing homelessness. One man, grateful for the sandwich, approached her and offered a surprising idea.
“It’s great that you’re giving out sandwiches,” he said, “but one thing we really need is socks, especially as winter approaches.”
“Here I was, sandwiches in hand, thinking I knew the best way to help people,” Lichtman said. “It was a powerful lesson, and I wanted to put it into action.”
She began that night, with a simple step: going door-to-door on the floor of her dormitory at New York University, asking her classmates if they could each just donate (捐赠) just one pair of their own socks to someone experiencing homelessness. She got 40 pairs of socks in a single night, from a single floor. The next morning she opened her door to find a lot of socks that other people had donated.
That morning officially kicked off Knock Knock, Give a Sock (KKGS), a new nonprofit (非营利的) organization that has now provided over 350,000 pairs of socks to the homeless across America. To date, over 50 colleges and high schools across the US have joined KKGS over the years.
“While many people donate clothing, 9 out of every 10 clothing donors have never donated socks. On top of that, people who are trying to donate socks often find it difficult to donate used socks,” she says. “KKGS is one of the only organizations that collects used socks. We have volunteers knocking on doors of their classmates in school, of their workmates at work, and even of their neighbors.”
But, whether you’re 26 or 62, you don’t need to wait to organize your own sock drive, collect socks, or even wash and clean some of your own to donate to your local shelter, or someone in need who you meet on the street.
1.How did the homeless man’s words affect Lichtman?
A.They caused her to start KKGS.
B.They pushed her to go to college.
C.They encouraged her to house the homeless.
D.They made her continue to give out sandwiches.
2.How did Lichtman’s classmates react to her request for donation?
A.Some refused it politely.
B.They strongly supported it.
C.Some felt quite surprised by it.
D.They considered it unreasonable.
3.What advice does the author offer to people?
A.Take action in small ways.
B.Start your own organization.
C.Make donations from an early age.
D.Find creative ways to help people.
假如你是李华，你在某英文报纸上看到一个名为“Caring for Our Forests”的环保活动将要进行，你想加入该活动，请根据以下提示用英语给主办方写信询问相关信息：
1.活动的日期及持续时间；
2.住宿问题；
3.如何到达目的地；
4.年龄要求。
注意：
1.词数：100左右；
2.须包括以上主要内容，可以适当增加细节，使行文连贯：
3.信的开头语和结束语已给出。
Dear Sir/Madam,
I have learned from your newspaper that the "Caring for Our Forests" environmental program will be held next week.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Yours faithfully,
Li Hua
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(Λ)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：
1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
One day when I was on my way to home from school, I found a building on fire. Immediately I called the firefighters.
Several minutes lately, the firefighters arrived and tried their best to control the fire. With the help of the firefighters, a lot of peoples left the building safely. Sudden a foreign woman came in a hurry to tell the firefighters everything. But they can’t understand what she said. I went to the woman and asked her that was happening. She told me that his daughter was still in the building. I told the firefighters about it at once. They immediately run into the building and rescued little girl.
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（不多于3个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Americans love pets. In America, there are more families with pets 1. those with children. It is common 2. U.S. homes have some sorts of pets, such as monkeys, snakes and even wolves. But Americans’ all-time favorites are cats and dogs, because dogs can offer 3.(protect) from thieves and unwelcome visitors and cats can help get rid of the home unwanted pests. Beneath keeping pets, there lies a basic American belief: Pets have a right to be treated well. In Houston, Texas, dogs can have a right to be treated well. In Houston, Texas, dogs can have dinner 4.(deliver) to their homes, just like pizza. Pets can even go with 5. owners on vacation. Besides, at least 75 animal welfare organizations exist in America 6. provide care and adoption services for homeless and ill-treated animals. To pay for the high-tech health care, people can buy health insurance 7. their pets. Pets are 8. basic to American culture as hot dogs or apple pie. By now researchers 9. (discover) that interacting with animals lowers a person’s blood pressure. Pets even encourage social relationships. They give their owners an appearance of friendliness, and they provide10. good topic of conversation.
