Question

请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词，请将答案写在答题卷上相应题号的横线上。

Could a Doodle （涂鸦）Replace Your Password?

Nearly 80 percent of Americans own a smartphone, and a growing proportion of them use smartphones to surf the Internet, not just when they’re on the go. This leads to people storing considerable amounts of personal and private data on their mobile devices.

Often, there is just one layer of security protecting all that data--emails and text messages, social media profiles, bank accounts and credit cards, even other passwords to online services. It’s the password that unlocks the smartphone’s screen. Usually this involves entering a number, or just laying a fingertip a sensor.

Over the past couple of years, my research group, my colleagues and I have designed, created and tested a better way. We call it “user-generated free-form gestures,” which means smartphone owners can draw their own security pattern on the screen. It’s a very simple idea that is surprisingly secure.

1. IMPROVING TODAY'S WEAK SECURITY

It might seem that biometric (生物识别的) authentication (认证), like a fingerprint, could be stronger. But it’s not, because most systems that let a user allow fingerprint access also require a PIN (Personal Identification Number) or a password as a backup method. A user or thief could skip the biometric method and instead just enter (or guess) a PIN or a password. Compared to other methods, our approach dramatically increases the potential length and complexity of a password. Users simply draw a pattern across an entire touchscreen, using any number of locations on the screen.

2. MEASURING DRAWINGS

As users draw a shape or pattern on the screen, we track their fingers, recording the directions and speed. We compare that track to one recorded when they set up the gesture-based login. This protection can be added just by software changes; it needs no specific hardware or other modifications to existing touchscreen devices. As touchscreens become more common on laptop computers, this method could be used to protect them too.

Our system also allows people to use more than one finger — though some participants wrongly assumed that making simple gestures with multiple fingers would be more secure than the same gesture with just one finger. The key to improving security using one or more fingers is to make a design that is not easy to guess.

3. EASY TO DO AND REMEMBER, HARD TO BREAK

Some people who participated in our studies created gestures that could be articulated as symbols, such as digits, geometric shapes (like a cylinder) and musical notations which are easy for them to remember. Even a relatively simple symbol, like an eighth note, can be drawn in so many different ways that calculating the possible variations is computationally intensive and consumes plenty of time. This is unlike text passwords, for which variations are simple to try out.

4. REPLACING MORE THAN ONE PASSWORD

Our research has extended beyond just using a gesture to unlock a smartphone. We have explored the potential for people to use doodles instead of passwords on several websites. Unappeared to be easier to remember multiple gestures than it is to recall different passwords for each site.

In fact, it was faster. Logging in with a gesture took two to six seconds less time than doing so with a text password. It’s faster to generate a gesture than a password, too. People spent 42 percent less time generating gesture credentials than people we studied who had to make up new passwords. We also found that people could successfully enter gestures without spending as much attention on them as they had to with text passwords.

Gesture-based interactions are popular and prevalent on mobile platforms, and are increasingly making their way to touchscreen-equipped laptops and desktops. The owners of those types of devices could benefit from a quick,easy and more secure authentication methods like ours.

Could a Doodle Replace Your Password?
Passage outline	Detailed information
Introduction	•An increasing number of people use smartphones for Internet1.The free-form gesture drawn with a doodle is a very simple but surprisingly secure idea.
Characteristics	Improving today’s weak security.	•A user or thief could skip fingerprint authentication by employing an2.like just guessing a PIN or a password. •In3. to other methods, the passwords our approach is dramatically longer and complex than that of other methods.
Measuring drawings	•A shape or pattern drawn on the screen, where the user's fingers go and 4.quickly they move. •To make a design with one or more fingers that is difficult to guess is of great 5.to the improvement of security.
Easy to do and remember, hard to break	•Even a relatively simple symbol can be drawn in diverse ways so that the6. of the possible variations is intensive and time-consuming.
7. the place of more than one password	• It is more8.to recall different password for each site than to remember multiple gestures. •Having new passwords9.takes 42 percent more time than generating gesture credentials with a doodle.
Conclusion	•Gesture-based interactions are gaining10.and are widely applied to touchscreen-equipped laptops and desktops.

Answer

1.access/surfing

2.alternative

3.comparison/contrast

4.how

5.importance/significance

6.calculation

7.Taking

8.difficult

9.created/invented/generated/produced

10.currency/popularity

【解析】

这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了涂鸦作为解锁移动设备的方法的优点，这意味着智能手机所有者可以在屏幕上绘制自己的安全解锁图案，这个做法很简单而且非常安全。

1.根据文章第一段的“a growing proportion of them use smartphones to surf the Internet”可知，越来越多的人使用智能手机上网。Internet access或Internet surfing可以表达“上网”的意思。故填access/surfing。

2.根据文章第四段的“A user or thief could skip the biometric method and instead just enter (or guess) a PIN or a password. ”可知，用户或小偷可以跳过生物识别方法，而只需输入或猜测PIN或密码。即用户或小偷可以使用PIN或密码来跳过指纹识别方法，这是一种选择。alternative：选择。故填alternative。

3.根据文章第四段的“Compared to other methods, our approach dramatically increases the potential length and complexity of a password. ”可知，与其他方法相比，我们的方法大大增加了密码的潜在长度和复杂性。in comparison/contrast to：与……相比，它是固定短语。故填comparison/contrast。

4.根据文章第五段的“As users draw a shape or pattern on the screen, we track their fingers, recording the directions and speed. ”可知，当用户在屏幕上绘制形状或图案时，我们会跟踪他们的手指，记录方向和速度。speed指手指移动的速度，即“手指多快地移动”，使用how修饰quickly可以表达这样的意思。故填how。

5.根据文章第六段的“The key to improving security using one or more fingers is to make a design that is not easy to guess. ”可知，使用一个或多个手指来提高安全性的关键是设计出一个不容易猜测到的图案。即使用一个或多个手指设计出一个不容易猜测到的图案对于提高安全性来说是很重要的。be of great importance/significance to：对……来说是重要的。故填importance/significance。

6.根据文章第七段的“Even a relatively simple symbol, like an eighth note, can be drawn in so many different ways that calculating the possible variations is computationally intensive and consumes plenty of time. ”可知，即使是相对简单的符号（如八分音符），也可以用多种不同的方式绘制，以至于计算可能的变化量会占用大量计算时间。将calculating the possible variations转换为同义表达the calculation of the possible variations。故填calculation。

7.根据小标题“REPLACING MORE THAN ONE PASSWORD（替换一个以上的密码）”可知，替换replacing可以使用taking the place of。故填Taking。

8.根据文章第八段的“Unappeared to be easier to remember multiple gestures than it is to recall different passwords for each site. ”可知，与为每个站点调用不同的密码相比，记住多个手势似乎更容易。即为每个站点调用不同的密码相比记住多个手势似乎更难。故填difficult。

9.根据文章第九段的“People spent 42 percent less time generating gesture credentials than people we studied who had to make up new passwords.”可知，与创建新密码的人相比，人们花在生成手势图形上的时间减少了42％。即与使用生成手势图形相比，创建新密码所花的时间要多42％。表示“创建”可以使用create/invent/generate/produce，用在have sth done中。故填created/invented/generated/produced

10.根据文章最后一段的“Gesture-based interactions are popular and prevalent on mobile platforms, and are increasingly making their way to touchscreen-equipped laptops and desktops. ”可知，手势感应在移动平台上很流行，并且越来越多地应用于配备触摸屏的笔记本电脑和台式机。表达“popular and prevalent（受人欢迎并流行）” 可以使用短语gaining currency/popularity。故填currency/popularity。