Summer is here, and with it comes a chance you'll get too much sun. While there's no cure for sunburn, a small but fascinating new study suggests taking large amounts of vitamin D after exposure may prevent the associated redness and inflammation (发炎).
In the paper, researchers exposed 20 volunteers to a light resembling solar radiation to induce a sunburn on a small piece of skin. They then gave the ''burn victims'' large amounts of vitamin D, and followed up with participants one, two and three days (and a week) later to measure skin redness and thickness. The researchers found that vitamin D decreased inflammation and redness, compared with taking a placebo (安慰剂). And this effect increased in proportion to how much was consumed. Vitamin D also appears to increase the activity of a gene called arginase-1, which is involved in tissue repair and healing. Taking 50, 000 international units (IU) of vitamin D--125 times the recommended daily allowance-led to a significant reduction in redness and inflammation, compared with the placebo. Those who took 100,000 IU had even less redness and pain; and those who took 200, 000 IU had the greatest reduction in inflammation.
This is the first study to show vitamin D can reduce inflammation, and suggests that it ''could potentially help prevent sunburn, '' says senior author Kurt Lu, a physician scientist and assistant professor at Case Western Reserve University.
It used to be thought vitamin D was primarily involved in building healthy bones and muscles, but recent research has found it has many more roles, including influencing inflammation, such as the kind associated with sunburns.
So, if you get burned, should you take a lot of vitamin D? The study authors don't recommend it. ''I think that's probably not a good idea and not well established by this study, '' says Barbara Gilchrest, a physician scientist at Massachusetts General Hospital. Such large amounts, if taken repeatedly, have the potential to cause vitamin D toxicity (毒性).
1.What does this passage mainly talk about?
A.An unusual method for relieving sunburn.
B.Tips for how to travel safely in summer.
C.A suggestion on taking vitamin D properly.
D.Advice on how to take medicine effectively.
2.How do the researchers confirm the healing effect of taking vitamin D?
A.By observing the inflammation of skin every day.
B.By measuring the thickness of skin after a week.
C.By increasing the daily volume of vitamin
D.By comparing the effect with that of placebo.
3.Figures are used in paragraph 2 in order to ______.
A.recommend the daily intake
B.argue against the benefits of more Vitamin D
C.show the more Vitamin D, the greater benefits
D.stress the potential danger of too much Vitamin D
4.What can be inferred about the function of vitamin D?
A.Repeatedly taking large amounts of Vitamin D is beneficial.
B.Vitamin D may bring more advantages to us than what has been found out.
C.Don't take vitamin D unless your doctor approves you to do it.
D.Vitamin D is more useful for curing sunburn than building healthy bones.
If you cut in line, you might just be a bad person. The queue is a regulation where the reward (the ice-cream stand/dining room/ticket booth) is earned through patience. Your choice to avoid this time-honored process will be bound to draw the anger of those you pass by, drawing remarks like “Whoa there, Chief,” the passive-aggressive “There’s a line, you know!” and of course, the incredibly common “Hey, Copernicus, why don’t you guide yourself to the back of the line?”
But, in the moment in which you really cannot wait, for example, the entire royal family has prepared a dinner party upon you last minute, then there is a way to cut the line correctly.
There are a few different ways to consider and a few different methods to employ. The regularity of the situation is very important. If you’re waiting to use the photocopier at work, you might be more likely to manage a successful cut than if you were waiting for a lifeboat on the Titanic. Sure, that might be an extreme example. But the importance of the event does matter.
For those requests in normal situations, emphasizing either the urgency of your task or the simplicity of your task proved to be effective: experimenters who said “Excuse me, I have five pages. May I use the photocopier?” had a cut rate of 60 percent and experimenters who said “May I use the photocopier because I need to make copies?” saw a success rate of 90 per cent when queuing for the copy machine.
If you have a couple of extra dollars lying around, bribing members of the line also proved to be effective. And most of the time, the person being bribed didn’t end up accepting the money, because even the offer showed that the briber had a sense of desperation.
1.Why does the author use the remarks about Chief and Copernicus in paragraph 1?
A.To illustrate the reaction from members in line. B.To encourage those who want to cut in line.
C.To praise the behavior of cutting in line. D.To provide advice which helps cut in line.
2.Which of the following is not a wise way to cut in line?
A.Giving the members in line money. B.Stating the emergency of the event.
C.Considering the regularity of the situation. D.Defending the right of cutting in line.
3.What is the best title for the text?
A.Be Patient When Queuing. B.Acceptable Ways to Cut in Line.
C.Time and Tides Waits for No Man. D.Special Rights under Emergency.
Jules is now in his sixties, and is one of the many homeless people who live on the streets; he buys a newspaper most days. Today, with his fellow tramps, he reads about yesterday's student demonstrations.
Like many of the tramps who live under the bridges, Jules was not always so poor. A long time ago he was in the Navy, and like many who have been to sea for a long time, he has stayed slim and fit. Despite the strict organization on board ship, he loved his life, and had the opportunity to see many countries. He visited Poland and Russia; in South Africa he realized what he valued in each country was the people he met. He was always astonished and delighted by the ways in which the people he met differed from one country to another. Some day, he hopes, everyone will see the world as he does.
After many happy years in the Navy, he had to retire. The good things in life always come to an end. His mother and father had long since died and he’d lost touch with his other relatives. He became an industrial designer. He was happy, although it wasn’t the same as the sea. He never wanted to get married and have children.
And then there was the period of darkness. He smiles sadly. He shrugs his shoulders and looks at his hands. There are tears in the corners of his eyes. This is something that he cannot bring himself to talk about. ''It all went wrong, '' he whispers.
He was silent for a while, then recovered. He began to talk more loudly. ''Look at me now---it makes me angry. And what about the President? He's been in power for years, and look what he's done for us. Nothing! I am still out on the streets and live the life of a dog.''
1.What can we learn about Jules’ life in the Navy？
A.He only visited three countries.
B.He enjoyed the life on board ship.
C.He was very well paid for the job he did.
D.He liked meeting people from different countries.
2.Why did Jules change his job according to the passage?
A.He wanted to start a family. B.He wanted to be near his relatives.
C.He didn't enjoy the work any more. D.He was too old to stay in the Navy
3.What is Jules's opinion of the President?
A.The President should increase pensions for old people.
B.The President had not had enough time to change things.
C.The President should have done more to help people like him.
D.The President should not allow homeless people to stay on the streets.
假设你是红星中学高二学生李华。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，为校刊“英语角” 投稿，记述上周端午节时，你和父母去看望爷爷奶奶，并学习了包粽子的整个过程。
注意：1.词数不少于 60； 2.开头已给出。
During Dragon Boat Festival holiday, my parents and I went to see my grandparents. We enjoyed our family time together.
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假设你是红星中学高二学生李华，你的美国笔友 Jim 来信向你询问中医的相关信息。请根据以下提示给他写封回信。
1. 中医有着悠久的历史，经过了数千年的实践和发展；
2. 中医也是一门科学，它的优点正得到越来越广泛的认可；
3. 你自己对中医的看法。
注意：词数不少于 50。
参考词汇：“中医” Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM）
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Tips for Successful Gift Giving
Good gift giving is an art. The perfect present can lift a mood or improve a relationship. Whatever the occasion, gift giving is a social ritual that requires careful thought and consideration.1. We spoke to some experts to help us craft a simple guide to gifting.
Don’t add a small gift to a big gift. When we receive gifts in a bundle, we tend to unconsciously average out their value, so a small gift tacked onto a big one will hurt the latter’s impact. 2.
3. A dream vacation or seeing your favorite artist in concert will give you memories that last forever. Experiences often have more thought gone into them, and they create more vivid memories. We might remember the tablet that a friend or a loved one has bought us, but not as much as a two-week holiday to Florida—the memories and the emotional attachment to experiences are greater than to physical objects.
Think like the receiver. 4. That might seem obvious, but it happens far less than we'd like. People tend to use gifts as jokes, encouragements to change one’s ways, or to signal something about themselves rather than providing utility or happiness to the receiver.
Remember there’s a reason why we say that it’s the thought that counts. 5. Most people don’t want lots of money spent on them — they just want you to think about them, and that can be done in lots of easy ways.
A.Gift things you like best.
B.So there are a set of rules to follow.
C.Gift experiences rather than things.
D.Don’t forget why you are giving gifts.
E.Buy things your receiver would buy for themselves.
F.When you give others gifts, never forget to choose the expensive things.
G.When it comes to gift giving, remember that sometimes less is more.
