Feedback is regarded as an essential component of a successful business culture. Used correctly, it can improve performance and teamwork. In a recent study, researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Human Development and the IESE Business School in Barcelona examined which type of feedback tended to lead to cooperative behaviors and which to competitive behaviors. To this end, 112 students of different subjects and 28 managers, all of whom had at least seven years of professional experience, were invited to participate in a laboratory experiment.
Groups of four participants played variants （变体）of a classic public goods game. Each player was given a fixed number of points to invest per round. During the time of the ten rounds, they were required to decide how many points they wanted to invest in a group project and how many in their own individual project. The rewards for cooperative behavior differed across the two experimental scenarios （方案），impacting participants, scores and finally how much money they were paid. In the first scenario, cooperative behavior on average led to a better score for the group, but to a worse score on the personal level. In the second scenario, cooperation paid off for both the group and the individual. Uncooperative behavior not only reduced the overall score, but also harmed the other players more than it did the participants themselves. After each round, the participants received feedback—either just on their own performance (individualistic feedback) or additional feedback on the performance of the group as a whole (joint outcome feedback) or on how they ranked relative to the other players (ranking feedback).
The results showed that the type of feedback received had a significant impact on participants' views of the scenario and on whether they behaved cooperatively or competitively. Participants who were given individual feedback behaved cooperatively in the cooperative scenario and increasingly selfishly in the competitive scenario over the rounds played. Participants who were given feedback on the performance of the group as a whole were generally interested in maintaining cooperation, regardless of the scenario.
1.What does the study try to find out?
A.What can improve employees' performance and teamwork.
B.What professional feedback is needed to inspire employees.
C.How the professional experience inspire teamwork among employees.
D.How different types of feedback impact interactions among employees.
2.What were the participants asked to do in the game?
A.Find at least two partners.
B.Play it more than ten rounds.
C.Set up and invest their own projects.
D.Invest every round with given points.
3.What did the participants get when they worked individually in scenario two?
A.A better score for the group but a worse for individuals.
B.A worse score for the group and more harm to others.
C.A worse score for the group but a better for individuals.
D.A worse score for the group and more harm to themselves.
4.What is probably discussed in the following text?
A.How different scenarios reward participants.
B.How participants given ranking feedback behaved.
C.How participants given individual feedback behaved.
D.How participants given joint outcome feedback behaved.
Researchers at Cornell University are one step closer to building robots that are more like humans. This new method is one you might not expect. However, a soft robot muscle that "sweats" to regulate its temperature. "Sweating takes advantage of evaporated (蒸发)water loss to rapidly dissipate heat and can cool below the environmental temperature. So as is often the case, biology provided an excellent guide for us as engineers."
The fingerlike devices are 3D printed, water powered, and can be used to grab things. They are made of two soft chemical materials: a base layer of (CH3) 2 CH-C3H5 NO covered in a multihole layer of (C3H5 NO)n. When the fingers reach a temperature of 30°C (86°F), the base layer reacts by shrinking, squeezing the water through the top pores (毛孔)in the top layer. The drying up is so efficient that the surface temperature of the actuator can drop by 21°C in just 30 seconds. That's three times more efficient than in humans. When wind from a fan is thrown into the mix, they cool down around six times as fast. The evaporation also cooled the object held by the actuator hand.
"The best part of this artificial strategy is that the heat regulation is based on the material itself," said T. J. Wallin, co-lead author, a research scientist at Facebook Reality Labs. "We did not need to have sensors or other components to control the sweating rate. When the local temperature rose above the set point, the pores would simply open and close on their own. "
While the result is exciting, it is only a first step. The robot has its weaknesses. The sweat can make the robot hand slippery, so the team is examining textures to improve its grasp. When the sweating takes place, the robot's mobility is also blocked and needs to refill its water supply.
"I think that the future of making these more biologically similar materials and robots is going to rely on the material composition," said co-lead author Rob Shepherd, an associate professor of mechanical and engineering. "This brings up a point about the importance of research involving several different academic subjects or areas, where really no one group has all the answers. "
1.Which can best replace the underlined word "dissipate" in paragraph 1?
A.turn down B.put aside
C.drive away D.take in
2.What can control the heating performance of the robot?
A.Its artificial material. B.Its accurate sensor.
C.Its sensitive devices. D.Its working surroundings.
3.What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about?
A.The disadvantages of the robot.
B.The next step of the researchers.
C.The rules the robot has to follow.
D.The effect of the new development.
4.What can we infer from Shepherd's words?
A.The future of the robot is promising.
B.The similar materials are too difficult to develop.
C.Only working together can make the robot more successful.
D.The next step of his team is to search for suitable software.
Tim Wasem, an English teacher, says he's still getting his head around it. "I have students coming in this semester who are asking, like, 'When are we gonna do the podcast （播客）challenge? When's that gonna happen?' I didn't know the answers."
That's because a year ago, an unlikely team of 11th-graders at Elizabethton High School in east Tennessee won NPR's first-ever Student Podcast Challenge. Their 11-minute entry told the story of how the nearby town of Erwin is trying to rehabilitate （挽回）its image a century after hanging an elephant. They called their podcast"Murderous Mary & The RISE Of Erwin."
As the Student Podcast Challenge opens this month for its second year and as our new podcast about the contest launches on Monday, we've checked back in with last year's two grand-prize winners to see how the experience changed their learning and their lives.
Deanna Hull was a driving force behind "Murderous Mary". She says the experience gave a big lift to her "internal confidence as a student and just as a person in general”. Now a senior, Hull is making college plans, and she says winning the contest helped her see what she's truly capable of. "I'm typically very self-critical of my work. I can't really see what everyone else sees... But then when we found out we'd won, I was like, 'Whoa, OK. Hull admits that she and her classmates took a few weeks to find their footing. Wasem and a fellow teacher Alex Campbell assigned the teams themselves, often avoiding friend groups and forcing unlikely cooperation.
And Hull says that while she was proud of the finished project, she never imagined it could win. The podcast project not only helped Hull and her team but also changed the lives of some of their classmates who didn't win. "The most amazing thing that came from the podcast experience of that class is how many of them found their passion through this project," Campbell says, "and how this project helped them connect to people and learn how to tell someone else's story."
1.How did Tim Wasem feel about his students' questions?
A.He felt tired of them.
B.He was surprised at them.
C.He lacked confidence in them.
D.He had no idea of their answers.
2.What can we learn about "Murderous Mary & The RISE Of Erwin”？
A.It lost a chance to win last year.
B.It tells people elephants are friendly.
C.Its winning was beyond its makers' expectation.
D.It is about the history of the makers' hometown.
3.What did Deanna Hull mainly get from the winning?
A.Self-confidence.
B.Her passion for science.
C.Admission into a college.
D.A good knowledge of her disadvantages.
4.What can be the best title for the text?
A.Making a Podcast Enriched Students' Lives
B.What Can Make the Podcast Sound Better?
C.A Successful Way to the College： Podcast Challenge
D.More Problems to be Solved About Podcast Challenge
Each month, we post a photo online. All you need to do is work out where it is and you could win three superb illustrated （有插画的）DK Travel Guide books.
To give you a helping hand, we'll be revealing clues here. So make sure to check back, and follow @MirrorTrapel and @TravelEdNigel on Twitter for updates !
This month's picture shows a shining royal palace. It's in the capital of an exotic country and a popular tourist destination—but it's not the most famous one in this nation.
The question for April—name the COUNTRY.
CLUE 1 ：The city is on the banks of a famous 2,703-miIe-long river.
CLUE 2: Sounds like you could find a pen pal here.
THE PRIZE：
The first correct answer chosen at random will win three beautifully illustrated DK Travel country or city guides of their choice, each up to a value of £19. 99. For a full list of titles visit dk. co. uk.
HOW TO ENTER：
When you think you've guessed our mystery location, simply fill out the form below with your answer and details.
Terms & Conditions：
Competition closes on April 30, 2020.
Entry is open to aged 18 or over only. Employees of Reach pic, DK Travel Ltd, their families, agents, suppliers of the prizes and anyone professionally connected with this competition are not included.
Only one free entry per person via the competition entry form above.
Entries made using methods produced by a movie, macro （微距镜头）or the use of automated devices will be useless. No responsibility is accepted for entries which are invalid, incomplete, unclear, lost or delayed in transit, or which fail to be properly submitted. All of these will be considered useless.
Entry is considered acceptance of these Terms and Conditions.
The winner will be the first correct answer drawn at random after lines close.
1.What does the author want readers to do?
A.Find out the best photos.
B.Guess the mystery picture location.
C.Work out the most popular country.
D.Take part in a photography competition.
2.Who can take part in the competition?
A.A pupil whose hobby is photography.
B.An employee of Reach pic, DK Travel Ltd.
C.An adult sending his entry before April 30, 2020.
D.A college student who selected a picture from a movie.
3.Where is the text probably from?
A.A weather report.
B.A travel website.
C.A geography textbook.
D.A photography magazine.
假定你是红星中学高二学生李华，你的英国笔友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国电影很感兴趣，并请你向他推荐一部你喜欢的中国电影，请你给他回邮件，内容包括：
1. 电影的基本信息
2. 电影情节简介
3. 你的推荐理由
注意：
1. 词数不少于50；
2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
How to Improve Your English
Learning English is a continuous process. For tips on how to improve your English, read on.
Read English newspapers, books, and magazines. Reading is an active process that requires your brain to work. When learning a language, much is achieved by speaking, listening and writing. 1. When you read, you learn new words and will be able to use them.
2. After reading the daily papers, choose one or two articles that stood out among all those that you read, and write down your reactions to them. Read what you wrote afterwards, and check if you made any grammatical errors or would like to improve your work.
Read the book version of a movie that you have already seen. 3. Reading the book version means you will find it easier to understand and guess vocabulary, and you can remember it easily since the story is already familiar to you.
Teach English to children or friends. 4. This also holds true for the English language. When you share and teach English to others, you are able to practice. At the same time, you become more aware of your weak areas.
Use English every day. Whatever you are doing, from washing the dishes or taking out the garbage to going to work or to the gym, use English. Take out those new words that you learned and use them. Bring out those new idioms you came across and use them. 5. Learn how to use it in your daily life.
As you try to improve your English day by day, you will surely see improvements that are going to “make your day”.
A.Open your mouth.
B.Keep a news diary.
C.But reading is also a great help.
D.Listening to songs can help you improve your English.
E.The best way to improve something is by teaching it to others.
F.If the new knowledge stays inside your head and in your notebooks, it won’t come to life.
G.If you are not a serious book reader, reading a story that you are already familiar with will help you move along page by page.
