Question

    People often say that “failure is the mother of success”. 1. As a result, Manalo, a professor of educational psychology in Japan says, “We know we shouldn’t give up when we fail—but in reality, we do.”

Manalo and Manu, a professor of learning sciences in Swiss, put together a special issue (专利) last December on benefiting from failure. The issue’s 15 studies provide teachers and educational researchers with a guide for achieving success. 2. Another confirmed that advice on failures is most constructive when the receiver is prepared to experience unpleasant feelings.

Manalo and his co-authors also focused on overcoming one everyday form of failure: not completing a task. They asked 131 students to write an article about their school experiences. Half of the students received instructions for their writing, and half were left to their own. 3. Afterward the researchers found that those in the instructed group were more willing to complete their articles, compared with those who lacked guidance—even if the latter were closer to being done. 4.

5. Stephanie Couch, the director of the Lemelson-MIT Program, holds the opinion. Couch, whose work was also featured in the special issue, says that we should tell them to think of failure as part of a process toward success.

A.However, all were stopped before finishing.

B.The saying shows the importance of success.

C.Teaching students not to fear failure makes goals achieved more easily.

D.One study reported that the sooner students fail, the sooner they can move forward.

E.Though having some truth to it, the saying does not tell us how to turn a loss into a win.

F.They believed that learning how to fail can help people avoid becoming lasting failures.

G.Knowing how to finish, in other words, was more important than being close to finishing.

Answer

1.E

2.D

3.A

4.G

5.C

【解析】

这是一篇说明文。人们常说“失败是成功之母”。这句话虽然有一定道理，但并没有告诉我们如何化输为胜。文章主要介绍了日本教育心理学教授Manalo的一项研究表明学生越早失败，他们就能越早前进。告诉我们要教会学生不要害怕失败，这会让目标更容易实现。

1.根据上文People often say that “failure is the mother of success”.可知人们常说“失败是成功之母”。以及第二段中The issue’s 15 studies provide teachers and educational researchers with a guide for achieving success.可知本期的15项研究为教师和教育研究者提供了成功的指南。由此可知，本句承接上文对“失败是成功之母”这句话进行评价，认为虽然说得有道理，但是也指出这句话并没有告诉我们如何将失败变成胜利，与后文一项研究提供了成功指南相呼应。故E选项“这句话虽然有一些道理，但并没有告诉我们如何将失败变成胜利”符合上下文语境，故选E。

2.根据后文Another confirmed that advice on failures is most constructive when the receiver is prepared to experience unpleasant feelings.可知另一项研究证实，当接受失败的人准备经历不愉快的感觉时，关于失败的建议最有建设性。由此可知，本句是在说明一项研究结果，且后文Another与D选项中One相对应，one…another…表示“一个……另一个……”。故D选项“一项研究表明，学生越早失败，他们就能越早进步”符合上下文语境，故选D。

3.根据本段第一句Manalo and his co-authors also focused on overcoming one everyday form of failure: not completing a task.可知Manalo和他的合著者们还专注于克服一种常见的失败：没有完成任务。由此可知，这项研究需要在学生们完成写作任务之前就停止。故A选项“然而，所有这些都在完成前停止了”符合上下文语境，故选A。

4.根据上文Afterward the researchers found that those in the instructed group were more willing to complete their articles, compared with those who lacked guidance—even if the latter were closer to being done.可知之后，研究人员发现，与缺乏指导的小组相比，接受指导的小组更愿意完成他们的文章——即使后者更接近完成。由此可知，本句承接上文说明，这项研究结果证明，知道如何完成比接近完成更重要。故G选项“换句话说，知道如何完成比接近完成更重要”符合上下文语境，故选G。

5.根据后文Stephanie Couch, the director of the Lemelson-MIT Program, holds the opinion. Couch, whose work was also featured in the special issue, says that we should tell them to think of failure as part of a process toward success.可知Lemelson-MIT项目主任Stephanie Couch持有这种观点。Couch的作品也出现在本期特刊中。他说，我们应该告诉他们，失败是走向成功的过程中的一部分。由此可知，失败是走向成功的过程中的一部分，因此要教会学生不要害怕失败，反而会让目标更容易实现。故C选项“教学生不要害怕失败会让目标更容易实现”符合上下文语境，故选C。