Question

    It doesn’t kill germs better than cooler water, but turning tap temperatures high, the US burns carbon equal to the emissions of Barbados.

People typically wash their hands seven times a day in the United States, but they do it at a far higher temperature than is necessary to kill germs, a new study says. The energy waste is equivalent to the fuel use of a small country.

It’s cold and flu season, when many people are concerned about avoiding germs. But forget what you think you know about hand washing, say researchers at Vanderbilt University. Chances are good that how you clean up is not helping you stay healthy; it is helping to make the planet sick.

Amanda R. Carrico, a research assistant professor at the Vanderbilt Institute for Energy and Environment in Tennessee, told National Geographic that hand washing is often “a case where people act in ways that they think are in their best interest, but they in fact have inaccurate beliefs or outdated perceptions.”

Carrico said, “It’s certainly true that heat kills bacteria, but if you were going to use hot water to kill them it would have to be way too hot for you to tolerate.”

She explained that boiling water, 212°F (99.98°C), is sometimes used to kill germs — for example, to clean drinking water that might be polluted with germs. But “hot” water for hand washing is generally within 104°F to 131°F (40°C to 55°C.) At the high end of that range, heat could kill some germs, but the sustained contact that would be required would scald the skin.

Carrico said that after a review of the scientific literature, her team found “no evidence that using hot water that a person could stand would have any benefit in killing bacteria.” Even water as cold as 40°F (4.4°C) appeared to reduce bacteria as well as hotter water, if hands were scrubbed, rinsed (冲洗) and dried properly.

In fact, she noted that hot water can often have an unfavorable effect on hygiene. “Warmer water can harm the skin and affect the protective layer on the outside, which can cause it to be less resistant to bacteria,” said Carrico.

Using hot water to wash hands is therefore unnecessary, as well as wasteful, Carrico said, particularly when it comes to the environment. According to her research, people use warm or hot water 64 percent of the time when they wash their hands. Using that number, Carrico’s team calculated a significant impact on the planet.  

“Although the choice of water temperature during a single hand wash may appear minor, when multiplied by the nearly 800 billion hand washes performed by Americans each year, this practice results in more than 6 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent emissions annually,” she said.

That’s roughly equal to the emissions of two coal-fired power plants, or 1,250, 000 passenger vehicles, over the course of a year. It’s higher than the greenhouse gas emissions of small countries like El Salvador or Armenia, and is about equivalent to the emissions of Barbados. If all US citizens washed their hands in cooler water, it would be like eliminating the energy-related carbon emissions of 299,700 US homes, or the total annual emissions from the US zinc or lead industries.

The researchers found that close to 70 percent of respondents said they believe that using hot water is more effective than warm, room temperature, or cold water, despite a lack of evidence backing that up, said Carrico. Her study noted research that showed a “strong cognitive（认知的） connection” between water temperature and hygiene in both the United States and Western Europe,compared to other countries, like Japan, where hot water is associated more with comfort than with health.

The researchers published their results in the July 2013 issue of International Journal of Consumer Studies. They recommended washing with water that is at a “comfortable” temperature, which they noted may be warmer in cold months and cooler in hot ones.

1.What does the writer mainly focus on when writing this passage?

A.Whether hot water helps kill germs effectively in hand washing.

B.How hot water contributes to the serious worsening of our planet.

C.Why the consumption of hot water is unnecessary and wasteful.

D.What the advantages and disadvantages of using hot water are.

2.The underlined word scald in paragraph six probably means.

A.burn B.improve C.soften D.wrinkle

3.According to the passage, all the following share roughly the same CO2 emissions yearly EXCEPT.

A.two coal-fired power plants

B.US zinc or lead industries

C.1,250, 000 passenger vehicles

D.El Salvador or Armenia

4.Which of the following is WRONG according to the passage?

A.Boiling water at 212°F (99.98°C) works effectively in killing germs.

B.Warmer water can damage the protective layer of the outside skin.

C.There is much difference between cold water and hot water in reducing bacteria.

D.Americans have inaccurate beliefs or outdated perceptions in hand washing.

5.Which of the following is the standard of a comfortable water temperature for washing hands?

A.Warmer in winter and cooler in summer.

B.Between 104°F to 131°F (40°C to 55°C).

C.Below 104°F (40°C) or above 131°F (55°C).

D.Warm enough to kill germs and clean up.

6.If you want to read stories of this kind afterwards, which of the following magazines will you probably subscribe to?

A.Universal Science Fiction

B.Science & Discoveries

C.Environment & Protection

D.Exploration of America

Answer

1.A

2.A

3.D

4.C

5.A

6.B

【解析】

这是一篇议论文。文章通过列举研究成果及数据的方式，来讨论用热水洗手是否有助于有效地杀灭细菌？

1.

细节理解题。题目需要我们判断作者在写这篇文章时主要关注的是什么？浏览全文，根据文章第七段关键句“no evidence that using hot water that a person could stand would have any benefit in killing bacteria.”可知，没有证据表明用热水洗手对杀菌有任何好处。再根据文章倒数第二段关键句“The researchers found that close to 70 percent of respondents said they believe that using hot water is more effective than warm, room temperature, or cold water, despite a lack of evidence backing that up.”可知，百分之七十的调查对象都认为用热水洗手的除菌效果比冷水更好，尽管没有科学依据。从这些句子中可以推断出，作者在文章中主要关注的是热水洗手是否有助于有效地杀灭细菌的问题。故选A项。

2.

词义猜测题。题目要求我们推断画线部分词义。A．burn烧伤，烫伤；B．improve改善；C．soften（使）变软；D．wrinkle起皱纹。根据文章第五段关键句“It’s certainly true that heat kills bacteria, but if you were going to use hot water to kill them it would have to be way too hot for you to tolerate.”可知，用热水洗手的热度，可能是你的手无法忍受的。再结合常识可知，用104°F to 131°F (40°C to 55°C)的水洗手时，手不能忍受这个温度，是会被烫伤的。故选A项。

3.

细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段关键句“It’s higher than the greenhouse gas emissions of small countries like El Salvador or Armenia”可知，每年用热水洗手导致的二氧化碳排放量要高于El Salvador或Armenia这样的小国每年温室气体的排放量，而并不是题干中说的roughly the same（粗略的等于）。故选D项。

4.

细节理解题。题目让我们选择选项里陈述错误的一项。根据文章第七段关键句“no evidence that using hot water that a person could stand would have any benefit in killing bacteria.”可知，没有证据表明用热水洗手对杀菌有任何好处。再根据文章第七段关键句“Even water as cold as 40°F (4.4°C) appeared to reduce bacteria as well as hotter water”可知，即使是40°F (4.4°C)的水也能和热水一样减少细菌。可推断出用冷水洗手和用热水洗手在减少细菌方面没有明显的区别。故选C项。

5.

细节理解题。根据文章最后一段关键句“They recommended washing with water that is at a “comfortable” temperature, which they noted may be warmer in cold months and cooler in hot ones.”可知，对于洗手来说，舒适的水温标准就是寒冷的月份里更温暖些，炎热的月份里更凉爽些，即冬天更温暖一些，夏天更凉爽一些。故选A项。

6.

推理判断题。题目要求我们判断文章出处。浏览全文，文章反复出现了cooler water（凉水），hot water（热水），germs（细菌）等字眼，再结合文章最后一段关键句“They recommended washing with water that is at a “comfortable” temperature, which they noted may be warmer in cold months and cooler in hot ones.”可知，文章主要讨论的是用冷水和热水洗手在杀菌上有没有区别，这属于一个科学问题，所以类似的文章应该出现在科学类的杂志上。故选B项。