A
A woman is swimming at night in a dark sea. Suddenly, she is pulled underwater. She surfaces, cries in terror, then disappears forever. This is the opening scene from the 1975 film Jaws. This film was a great hit, but it made things worse.
Jaws made people frightened of sharks, especially of the great white shark. Some stopped swimming in the sea, afraid of the horrible creature from the film. Others started fishing for sharks, killing as many as they could. At that time, nobody cared if sharks were killed, or how many were killed. People just wanted them killed.
After 1975,the number of large sharks fell quickly around the world.This was not only due to fear of sharks, but also finning, a type of fishing where sharks are caught and their fins cut off. Unexpectedly, finning would have a powerful effect upon Peter Benchley, who wrote the book the film Jaws was based on.
One day in 1980,Benchley was diving when he came across an awful sight.He saw fishermen finning and sharks being killed,which caused a deep change in him.From then on, he saw people as a danger to sharks,rather than the other way round.Also,he admitted that his book was wrong about sharks' behavior."Sharks don't target(以…为目标）humans,"he said.Experts have proved that sharks do not see people as food, and they attack us by mistake. Only around six people are killed by sharks every year.
Today,as we learn more about sharks,more people than ever want to protect them from extinction.
1.The film Jaws led to
A.an end of shark fishing
B.a rise in shark population
C.the popularity of shark movies
D.people's scare about sharks
2.How did the sight of finning affect Peter Benchley?
A.It woke him up to his false idea of sharks.
B.It inspired him to do research about sharks.
C.It drove him to learn how to protect sharks.
D.It encouraged him not to be afraid of sharks.
3.What is the best title for the text?
A.Sharks:Dangerous or Endangered
B.Jaws:the Hottest Shark Movie Ever
C.Shark Attacks:Not a Problem Anymore
D.Humans:the Favourite Target of Sharks
请阅读下面文字，并按照要求用英语写一篇150 词左右的文章。
Twenty years ago,getting sick meant visiting a doctor.Now,many internet tools seek to identify what disease a person has based on symptoms described.The following are some studies. |
Study 1 A study led by an American researcher showed these web-based tools may be useful for patients who are trying to decide whether they should get to a doctor quickly. Besides,online symptom checkers can help seriously-ill patients for a guided care.According to the findings,overall the 23 symptom checkers provided correct advice in 58 percent of cases in more critical cases. |
Study2 Australian researchers at Edith Cowan University in Perth.did a new study,which examined 36 international internet-based symptom checkers,finding these online symptom checkers were rarely correct and could be harmful. Michella Hill,a leader of the research,said,"While it may be tempting to use these tools to find out what may be causing your symptoms,most of the time they are unreliable and sometimes can be dangerous.” |
（写作内容）
1. 用约30个单词概括上述信息的主要内容；
2.谈谈你如何看待在线症状检查工具，用2-3个理由或论据支撑你的观点。
（写作要求）
1.写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；
3. 不必写标题。
（评分标准）
内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hedonic Adaptation
Generally speaking, people often return to a set level of happiness despite life’s ups and downs. For instance, people who win the lottery tend to return to roughly their original levels of happiness after the novelty of the win has worn off. The same is true for those who are in major accidents and lose the use of their legs. The change in ability can be damaging at first, but people generally return to their pre-accident levels of happiness after the habituation period. This phenomenon is called hedonic adaptation, a concept studied by positive psychology researchers.
There are activities that are more or less affected by hedonic adaptation. Some of these activities are known as pleasures. They can lift your mood and leave you feeling wonderful, but their effects can be relatively a short time. What’s more, we get used to them relatively quickly. If you have the same meal every day for a week, for example, you may find it to be less pleasurable by the end of the week. Gratifications (满足) are also such activities affected by hedonic adaptation. They can get us into a feeling of “flow” where we don’t notice the passage of time, and where we’re thoroughly engaged in what we’re doing. Gratifications are activities that require more effort and thought, but the payoff is higher as well. The more we engage, the more we enjoy!
Knowing that pleasures don’t last long in their effects may make them seem less worth the effort than gratifications. There are reasons why they can be perfect for certain situations, however. First, they bring a quick lift in mood without a great deal of effort. This is actually quite valuable because there is significant research that shows that a lift in mood can lead to chain reaction of positive feelings. Second, gratifications do take more effort, so when you only have few minutes or a very limited amount of energy, pleasures are often the simpler and more accessible option.
Thankfully, we can do something to move away from the limiting effects of hedonic adaptation and engage in activities that can create a greater level of happiness in life. For example, be sure to make time for hobbies! It doesn’t really matter what the hobby is; as long as it’s one you enjoy, you’ll benefit from it, and these benefits will extend into the rest of your life. It’s also a good idea to help other people as this can create greater meaning in your life, and thus create greater happiness. Enjoying your positive experiences is also a great way to maximize the positive in your life. So at the end of the day, a few days a week, write about three things you enjoyed that day. Then, you’ll be reliving these positive experiences as you write about them, and can relive them again when you read.
Hedonic Adaptation | |
Concept of hedonic adaptation | Hedonic adaptation refers to people’s general tendency to return to a set level of 1. despite life’s ups and downs. |
Two kinds of activities influenced by hedonic adaptations | ● Pleasures are activities whose positive effects are 2., and our adaptation to them is also gone fast. ● gratifications are activities that take us more effort but can bring more 3. results. In other words, compared with pleasures, they are more 4. to the effects of hedonic adaptation. |
Advantages of pleasures over gratifications | ● Pleasures not only can lift our moods quickly but also are relatively 5. to achieve. ● Pleasures are a better choice when were too 6. or worn out. |
Tips on 7. the effects of hedonic adaptation | ● Take up hobbies that 8. to you whatever they are. ● Do others a favor and it can make you live more 9.. ● Enjoy your positive experiences by taking a regular 10. about them. |
The story of a voyage bearing witness to plastic pollution in the oceans,Junk Raft(筏子），based on facts,is an exciting,thought-provoking book.Science educator and researcher Marcus Eriksen's navigational feat(航海壮举）is holding readers' attention and interest--88 days crossing some 4,000 kilometers of open ocean,on a raft made of 15,000 plastic bottles wrapped in fishing nets.But it is more. Two equally fascinating storylines are made up through the written records of a series of events: Eriksen's evolution from soldier to research director of the environmental non-profit 5 Gyres Institute, and the journey we all need to take towards a more sustainable use of plastics.
Around 15%of all the litter in our oceans in plastic,and a calculated 5 million tonnes of plastic waste enter the seas annually.Unavoidably,it is now present at the sea surface and on shorelines,in Arctic seas and on the sea bed at depths of 3,500 metres.Around 700 sea species are known to come into contact with pieces of waste plastic material-and can be harmed or killed by taking in it or becoming twisted and caught in it.There are also concerns about plastics accumulating in commercially important species of fish and shellfish.The waters and shores of Hawaii are particularly heavily pottuted, giving a rationale(理由）for Eriksen's destination.
This environmental challenge has attracted increasing scientific,media and societal attention in recent years. yet few accounts have conveyed the\wider picture accessibly Junk Raft does just this---while exposing our frustratingly slow progress on a issue of major importance to fisheries, tourism and,finally,the health of the world's oceans.
Eriksen lists the issues associated with the accumulation of sea plastic:the causes,consequences and potential solutions.Our single-use culture is the main offender.For more than 60 years,society and industry have been producing more and more throwaway items particularly packaging.Some solutions lie in better acquisition of materials at the end of their lives,in a circular economy.
Eriksen takes the crisis into consideration together with a timeline of scientific discovery and advancement since the 1970s.Alongside this he gives a very personal,somewhat North American,view the troubles of industry and policy involvement the side plots and blind alleys,and the tactics(战术） of avoidance and disturbance he has so often experienced.There are parallels,he shows,with the troubles that faced those who fought to raise awareness around the health impacts of smoking.
Throughout,we are regularly brought back to the realities of life aboard the raft,with Eriksen's fellow sailor Joel Paschal.This is both fascinating and eventful,from their slow,occasionally very dangerous progress to the moments when it seems the raft will break up into pieces,littering the ocean with the waste material Eriksen is trying so hard to fight against.Eriksen's wider journey also takes him onto dry land,where he touches on the accumulation of land plastic.He learns about the consumption of plastic bags by camels-a serious issue in some desert countries.
It can be difficult to judge the direct impacts of projects such as Eriksen's,but he rightly notes the Importance of raising awareness of the risks of disposable plastic.Eriksen has also done much to emphasize the environmental consequences of polymer microbeads(聚合物微粒）in the US Great Lakes, providing key evidence that led to the introduction of a law.
Junk Raft is filled with adventure,romance,a sense of optimism and important truths that will be needed by the thousands of groups.It serves as a reflection of the choices and journeys that each of us makes and helps us understand how plastic in the oceans is closely connected with the future of human life.
1.What makes the book Junk Raft attractive to readers?
A.The appeal for global environmental protection.
B.Efforts made to put an end to the use of plastics.
C.Erisken's adventures on the plastic ocean on a raft.
D.Eriksen's soldierly service and environmental study.
2.What has raised people's concern according to the passage?
A.More rubbish being poured into the oceans.
B.Plastics accumulating in rare species of fish.
C.Many species in the oceans suffering fro shock.
D.The waters of the oceans being polluted by plastics.
3.What does the underlined word"this"in Paragraph3 refer to?
A.Making accounts accessible.
B.Listing the environmental issues.
C.Taking the pollution into account.
D.Facing the environmental challenge.
4.What is the main reason for sea plastic pollution?
A.The overuse of household items.
B.The wasteful throwaway culture.
C.The production of more materials.
D.The failure to find potential solutions.
5.The trouble industry and policy engagement face lies in that_____.
A.the current policy is yet to be further perfected
B.people turn a blind eye to the plastics industry
C.people lack correct awareness of the problem
D.the market need for plastics is enlarging on land
6.What is the author's attitude toward Eriksen's work?
A.Cautious. B.Ambiguous.
C.Doubtful. D.Appreciative.
One day, gardeners might not just hear the buzz of bees among their flowers, but the whirr of robots, too. Scientists have managed to turn an unassuming drone into a remote-controlled pollinator by attaching horsehairs coated with a special, sticky glue to the under part of it.
Animal pollinators are needed for the reproduction of 90% of flowering plants and one third of human food crops. Chief among those are bees-but many bee populations in the United States have been in steep decline in recent decades. Thus, the decline of bees isn't just worrisome because it could spoil ecosystems. but also, because it could spoil agriculture and economy. People have been trying to come up with replacement techniques, but none of them are especially effective yet.
Scientists have thought about using drones, but they haven't figured out how to make free-flying robot insects that can rely on their own power source without being attached to a wire. “It’s very tough work." said Senior author Elijio Miyako, a chemist at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. His particular contribution to the field involves a kind of glue, one he'd considered a mistake 10 years before and stuck in a storage cabinet. When it was rediscovered a decade later, it hadn't dried up or broke down at all. “I was so surprised because it still had high viscosity,” Miyako said.
The chemist noticed that when dropped, the glue absorbed an impressive amount of dust from the floor. Miyako realized this material could be very useful for picking up pollen. He and his colleagues chose a drone and attached horsehairs to its smooth surface to imitate a bee's furry body. They coated those horsehairs in the glue, and then controlled the drones over flowers, where they would pick up the pollen from one flower and then deposit the pollen at another one, thus fertilizing it.
The scientists looked at the hairs under a scanning electron microscope and counted up the pollen grains attached to the surface and found that the drones whose horsehairs had been coated with the glue had about 10 times more pollen than those that had not been coated with the glue.
Mivako does not think such drones would replace bees altogether, but could simply help bees with their pollinating duties. There’s a lot of work to be done before that's a reality, however. Small drones will need to become more controllable and energy efficient, as well as smarter, with better GPS and artificial intelligence.
1.What does the underlined word “viscosity” in Para.3 probably mean?
A.Hardness. B.Stickiness.
C.Flexibility. D.Purity.
2.We can learn from the passage that .
A.bees disturb both agriculture and economy
B.scientists invented automatic robot insects
C.Miyako found the special feature of the glue accidently
D.bees in the United States are on the edge of extinction
3.A drone works best in picking up pollen when ___
A.it is coated with the glue B.its body is made like a bee's
C.researchers control it precisely D.horsehairs with the glue are attached to it
4.According to Eijiro Miyako, the drones____
A.are not yet ready for practical use B.may eventually replace bees in the future
C.are much more efficient than bee pollinators D.can provide a solution to economic depression
“New and improved.” These words are put in so many marketing campaigns that we tend to accept them as linked. But many new drugs aren’t an improvement over the best existing drug for a given condition, and the fast drug-approval processes in recent years have added to the uncertainty about their advantages.
A recent report in the British Medical Journal, “New Drugs: Where Did We Go Wrong and What Can We Do Better?” analysed the issue. The authors looked at 216 drugs approved between 2011 and 2017; 152 were newly developed, and 64 were existing medicine approved for new uses. Only 25% offered a major advantage over the established treatment, and fully 58% had no confirmed added benefit to reduce symptoms or improve health-related quality of life.
“This doesn’t mean there’s no added benefit,” lead author Wieseler said. “It just means we have no positive proof. Either we have no studies or have studies not good enough.” Wieseler and her co-authors work for a German agency which evaluates new treatments and advises on whether the country’s health care system should pay a premium (补贴) for them. If payers think a new drug isn’t better than an existing drug, these agencies will require that hospitals try the cheaper drug first.
Germany’s HTA demands trials to prove that a new treatment beats the existing standard. This isn’t always practical. For one thing, such studies can be expensive and time-consuming, with no guarantee of success. Secondly, it can discourage companies from attempting to develop new alternatives. This is already happening. Drug developers are increasingly focused on areas where there are no good treatments to compete with, such as rare diseases.
This lack of meaningful data to guide patients is a major point of Wieseler’s paper. With accelerated approval, there are more products approved, with a greater amount of uncertainty about risks and benefits. But there are other solutions besides drug trials. One idea is to require postmarket studies to track the effectiveness of newly approved drugs—a step too often neglected.
1.What message does the recent report convey?
A.Improved drugs have advantages over old ones.
B.The approval processes for new drugs are too fast.
C.Many new drugs have no improved advantages.
D.Almost half the drugs approved target the special cases.
2.What’s the disadvantage of Germany’s HTA trial demands?
A.Making drug companies think of illegal ways to cut cost.
B.Holding companies back from improving existing drugs.
C.Getting patients to depend on the government for support.
D.Pushing companies to try alternatives for existing drugs.
3.What is the best title for the text?
A.The Advantage of Existing Drugs
B.The Great Potential of New Drugs
C.People's Preference for New or Old Drugs
D.A Dilemma with New Drug Alternatives
