Question

    Kong Zi, also called Confucius (551-479B. C. ), and Socrates (苏格拉底) (469-399 B. C. ) lived only a hundred years apart, and during their lifetimes there was no contact between China and Greece, but it is interesting to look at how the world that each of these great philosophers came from shaped their ideas, and how these ideas in turn, shaped their societies.

Neither philosopher lived in times of peace, though there were more wars in Greece than in China. The Chinese states were very large and feudal, while the Greek city-states were small and urban. The urban environment in which Socrates lived allowed him to be more radical (激进的) than Confucius. Unlike Confucius, Socrates was not asked by rulers how to govern effectively. Thus, Socrates was able to be more idealistic, focusing on issues like freedom, and knowledge for its own sake. Confucius, on the other hand, advised those in government service, and many of his students went out to government service.

Confucius suggested the Golden Rule as a principle for the conduct of life: “Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you.” He assumed that all men were equal at birth, though some had more potential than others, and that it was knowledge that set men apart. Socrates focused on the individual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom. But like Confucius, he also believed that the superior class should rule the inferior (下层的) classes.

For Socrates, the family was of no importance, and the community of little concern. For Confucius, however, the family was the centre of the society, with family relations considered much more important than political relations.

Both men are respected much more today than they were in their lifetimes.

1.Which of the following is TURE according to the first paragraph?

A.Socrates and Confucius had much in common.

B.Confucius had much influence on Socrates’ ideas.

C.There were cultural exchanges between China and Greece.

D.The societies were influenced by the philosophers’ ideas.

2.Socrates shared with Confucius the idea that ________.

A.all men were equal when they were born

B.the lower class should be ruled by the upper class

C.the purpose of man was to seek freedom and wisdom

D.do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you

3.What made some people different from others according to Confucius?

A.Knowledge. B.Potential. C.Family. D.Community.

4.This passage is organized in the pattern of ________.

A.time and events B.comparison and contrast

C.cause and effect D.definition and classification

Answer

1.D

2.B

3.A

4.B

【解析】

本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了两位哲学家——孔子和苏格拉底。文章通过对比的方式阐述了两位伟大哲学家孔子与苏格拉底的哲学思想对社会的影响以及思想观点的相似与不同。

1.

细节理解题。根据第一段Kong Zi, also called Confucius (551-479B. C. ), and Socrates (苏格拉底) (469-399 B. C. ) lived only a hundred years apart, and during their lifetimes there was no contact between China and Greece, but it is interesting to look at how the world that each of these great philosophers came from shaped their ideas, and how these ideas in turn, shaped their societies.可知孔子(551-479B.C.)，苏格拉底(469-399B.C.)的生活时间只相隔一百年，在他们的有生之年，中国和希腊之间没有任何接触，但看看这些来自各自世界的伟大哲学家如何塑造了他们的思想，而这些思想又如何反过来塑造了他们的社会，是很有意思的。由此可知，D选项“社会受到哲学家思想的影响”正确。故选D。

2.

细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句But like Confucius, he also believed that the superior class should rule the inferior (下层的) classes.可知但就像孔子一样，他也认为上层阶级应该统治下层阶级。由此可知，苏格拉底和孔子都认为，下层阶级应该由上层阶级统治。故选B。

3.

细节理解题。根据第三段中的He assumed that all men were equal at birth, though some had more potential than others, and that it was knowledge that set men apart.可知他认为所有的人生来都是平等的，尽管有些人比其他人更有潜力，是知识使人与众不同。由此可知，根据孔子的说法，知识使一些人与众不同。故选A。

4.

推理判断题。根据第二段中Neither philosopher lived in times of peace, though there were more wars in Greece than in China.可知两位哲学家都生活在和平时期，尽管希腊的战争比中国多。且第二段主要对比分析了孔子和苏格拉底生活的社会背景，以及对治理国家的看法；结合第三段Confucius suggested the Golden Rule as a principle for the conduct of life: “Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you.” He assumed that all men were equal at birth, though some had more potential than others, and that it was knowledge that set men apart. Socrates focused on the individual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom. But like Confucius, he also believed that the superior class should rule the inferior (下层的) classes.可知孔子提出了做人的黄金法则：“己所不欲，勿施于人。”他认为所有人在出生时都是平等的，尽管有些人比其他人更有潜力，知识使人与众不同。苏格拉底关注个人，认为人最大的目的是寻求智慧。但和孔子一样，他也认为上层阶级应该统治下层阶级。由此可推知，文章阐述了两位伟大哲学家孔子与苏格拉底的哲学思想对社会的影响以及思想观点的相似与不同，这篇文章是按照比较和对比的模式组织的。故选B。