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On the surface, one would be hard-pressed to find many similarities between German chancellor Angela Merkel, Bangladeshi prime minister Sheikh Hasina, and Liberian president Ellen Johnson Sirleaf --- except for the fact that they are all female leaders of nations. Merkel, for example, spent more than a decade as a chemist before going into politics, while Hasina, the daughter of Bangladesh ’s first president, served as her father’s political assistant while at college, and Johnson Sirleaf worked at multiple financial institution s before running for vice president. Is there something deeper than they share?

The researcher Susan R. Madsen of Utah Valley University interviewed women in some countries about their paths to leadership. She was surprised by the similarities among the women when they spoke about how they became leaders. “Every single one of them talked about finding their voices and their confidence at dinner-table conversations with their families. Their parents talked about politics, about what was happening in the community, and when the women had something to say, their parents didn't stop them,” Madsen said.

As part of a series of interviews on women and leadership, I spoke to three women from different countries who have each become leaders in their respective fields: Agnes lgoye of Uganda, who works with her government to counter human trafficking; Ikram Ben Said, the founder of Tunisian women’s rights organization Aswat Nissa; and Sairee Chahal of India, who started a digital platform that helps women get back into the workforce.

All three of my interviewees pointed to the family environment they had been raised in --- particularly a father figure who taught and empowered the women in the family to learn, ask questions, and form their own opinions. Also, mothers broke convention by displaying leadership within the family.

Igoye, for example, credited her father with having the foresight to send his daughters to school despite opposition from others in their village. Her mother went back to school as an adult to improve her career as a teacher, which lgoye described as being a big influence on her. Similarly Ben Said talked about how her father encouraged political debate among the family when she was growing up, even when her opinions contradicted his. Meanwhile, Chahal said that even in her younger days, her parents went against the general convention of expecting their daughters to aim only for a good husband.

Another conclusion from Madsen's work is that women's leadership development doesn't look like men's. “Men tend to follow a more straight path to becoming a leader. Women's paths are much emergent. They tend to not necessarily look ahead and think, ‘I want to be on top.’ Women would point to a number of experiences--- motherhood, or working with a non-profit, or sitting on a board, as shaping their path to becoming leaders,” she said.

Actually, women leaders tend to be held to higher standards than their male counterparts. lgoye has felt this in Uganda. “Women who take up leadership positions in my country have to be tough, it's not easy at all,” she said. “You are always aware that you are representing all women. You have to work extra hard to deliver, to perform, because if you do something wrong, they will say, ‘Ah, you see, women!’ ”

Therefore, merely having women leaders can change the opportunities available for generations of women in a country. What leadership looks like in their country, how much of a voice the women leaders are having, influences what leadership is and what it means to its women.

What do women leaders have in common?

    British children used to play conkers (板栗游戏) in the autumn when the horse-chestnut trees started to drop their shiny brown nuts. They would select a suitable chestnut, drill a hole in it and thread it onto a string, then swing their conker at that of an opponent until one of them broke. But the game has fallen out of favour. Children spend less time outdoors and rarely have access to chestnut trees. Besides, many schools have banned conkers games, worried that they might cause injuries or nut allergies.

That sort of risk-averseness(规避风险) now spreads through every aspect of childhood. Playgrounds have all the excitement designed out of them to make them safe. Many governments, particularly in societies such as America, have tightened up their rules, requiring parents to supervise(监管) young children far more closely than in the past. Frank Furedi of the University of Kent, a critic on modern parenting, argues that allowing children to play unsupervised or leaving them at home alone is increasingly described as a symptom of irresponsible parenting.

In part, such increased caution is a response to the huge wave of changes. Large-scale urbanization, smaller and more mobile families, the move of women into the labor market and the digitization of many aspects of life have unavoidably changed the way that people bring up their children. There is little chance that any of these trends will be changed, so today's more intensive(精细化的) parenting style is likely to go on.

Such parenting practices now embraced by wealthy parents in many parts of the rich world, particularly in America, go far beyond an adjustment to changes in external conditions. They mean a strong bid to ensure that the advantages enjoyed by the parents’ generation are passed on to their children. Since success in life now turns mainly on education, such parents will do their best to provide their children with the schooling, the character training and the social skills that will secure access to the best universities and later the most attractive jobs.

To some extent that has always been the case. But there are more such parents now, and they are competing with each other for what economists call positional goods. This competition starts even before the children are born. The wealthy classes will take their time to select a suitable spouse and get married, and will start a family only when they feel ready for it.

Children from less advantaged backgrounds, by contrast, often appear before their parents are ready for them. In America 60% of births to single women under 30 are unplanned, and over 40% of children are born outside marriage. The result, certainly in America, has been to widen already massive social inequalities yet further.

All the evidence suggests that children from poorer backgrounds are at a disadvantage almost as soon as they are born. By the age of five or six they are far less “school-ready” than their better-off peers, so any attempts to help them catch up have to start long before they get to school. America has had some success with various schemes involving regular home visits by nurses or social workers to low-income families with new babies. It also has long experience with programmes for young children from poor families that combine support for parents with good-quality child care. Such programmes do seem to make a difference. Without extra effort, children from low-income families in most countries are much less likely than their better-off peers to attend preschool education, even though they are more likely to benefit from it. And data from the OECD’s PISA programme suggest that children need at least two years of preschool education to perform at their best when they are 15.

So the most promising way to ensure greater equality may be to make early-years education and care for more widely available and more affordable, as it is in the Nordics. Some governments are already rethinking their educational priorities, shifting some of their spending to the early years.

Most rich countries decided more than a century ago that free, compulsory education for all children was a worthwhile investment for society. There is now an argument for starting preschool education earlier, as some countries have already done. In the face of crushing new inequalities, a modern version of that approach is worth trying.

1.What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?

A. More attention is placed on children’s safety.

B. More and more parents are becoming irresponsible.

C. Children are no longer interested in outdoor activities.

D. Parents are advised to spend more time with their children.

2.Which of the following about intensive parenting style is TRUE?

A. Chances are that this style could be changed.

B. Financial pressure forces parents to be stricter.

C. Rich families adopt such style to keep their advantages.

D. Such style is largely influenced by the size of the family.

3.What does the underlined sentence imply?

A. Economists offer practical advice to guide parenting.

B. A happy marriage secures children’s social positions.

C. Unfair division of social resources drives parents mad.

D. Parents are struggling for their children’s edge over peers.

4.Which is the proper measure to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor?

A. Parents are persuaded to give birth to babies in their later years.

B. Funds are provided for poor children after they are admitted to school.

C. New babies in low-income families are sent to nurses or social workers.

D. Children from low-income families are ensured to receive early education.

5.What’s the author’s attitude towards investment in pre-school education?

A. Supportive B. Disapproving

C. Skeptic D. Unconcerned

6.The author begins the passage with the game of conkers to   .

A. show competition overweighs cooperation

B. imply educational inequalities should be broken

C. make readers aware of the rules of the game

D. indicate the game has lost its appeal to children

    Babies have an astonishing talent that adults entirely lose. By the age of one, they can recognise the significant noises around them and group them into a language. When we have lost this capacity as adults, it becomes enormously difficult to distinguish between sounds that are glaringly different to a native speaker. It all sounds Greek to us. This is because the range of possible sounds that humans use to convey meaning may be as high as 2,000, but few languages use more than 100 and even then the significant noises－the phonemes (音素) of a language－each cover a range of sounds and so vague distinctions which would change the meaning of a word in other languages.

But where do these phonemes come from and why do they shift over time? New research suggests that the apparently arbitrary distribution of some sounds around the world may be partially explained by diet. This is unexpected. We’d rather think of language as product of our thought, rather than of the arrangement of our teeth. In reality, though, any given language must be both.

Hunter gatherer languages very seldom use the sounds known as labiodentals (唇齿音)－those such as f and v－that are made by touching the lower lip with the upper teeth. Only two of the hundreds of Australian aboriginal languages use them, for example. But in cultures that have discovered farming, these consonants (辅音) are much more common. The argument goes that farmers eat more cooked food and more dairy than hunter gatherers. Either way, they need to chew mush less, and to bite less with their front teeth. So farmers grew up with smaller lower jaws and more of an overbite than their ancestors who had to bite through harder foods. It became easier for them to make the labiodental consonants instead of purely labial (唇音) ones: one example is that f come to take the place of p. Romans said “pater” but English speakers (unless they’re Rees－Moggs) say “father”.

Beyond these particular changes, the story highlights the way in which everything distinctively human is both material and spiritual: speech must combine sound and meaning, and the meaning can ’t exist or be transmitted without a real object. But neither can it be reduced to the purely physical, as our inability to understand or even to recognise foreign languages makes clear. The food we eat shapes our jaws, and our jaws in turn shape the sounds of our language. The ease with which we eat probably shapes our thought too, as anyone who has suffered toothache could testify. What we eat may have shaped the sounds of our language, but how we eat changes how we feel and what we use language to express. A family meal is very different from a sandwich at the office desk, even if the calorie is the same. Food has purposes and meanings far beyond keeping us alive and pleasing the Palate (味觉).

1.Compared with adults, babies could more easily              .

A. create significant noises B. classify the forms of noises

C. understand the Greek language D. distinguish meaningful sounds

2.According to the passage, which of the following factors help shape language?

A. Lips and teeth. B. Jobs and habits.

C. Age and regions. D. Food and thinking.

3.The reason for farmers' making sounds of “f” and “v” is              .

A. enjoying more cooked foods B. biting more with front teeth

C. constantly chewing harder foods D. growing up with lager lower jaws

4.By writing this passage, the author intends to reveal              .

A. jaws help shape our thought

B. food determines our thought

C. diet has some influence on language

D. language consists of sound and meaning

    Like a lot of health-care professionals, Dr. Brian Goldman finds it extremely difficult to draw boundaries between his work and personal lives. “There’s this view that you should suck it up and do one more thing,” says the ER physician and host of CBC’s White Coat, Black Art. But that “one more thing” often comes at Goldman’s expense.

“You’re exhausted and a patient or their family look at you with begging eyes,” he says. “So you have this dilemma: say that your shift is over or give until you’re totally spent?” Goldman’s work stress combined with family tension after his mother was diagnosed with dementia 20 years ago. Caring for her over a decade was difficult, as was dealing with his father’s grief. “When someone else is drowning you, you have to grab a life preserver and save yourself,” says Goldman.

Setting boundaries isn’t just important for busy professionals; everyone can benefit from managing situations that cause undue stress or pain. Here are some tips.

First, “If someone’s behavior makes you unhappy --- and it could be anything from the way they speak to you to repeatedly failing to stick to their promise --- then there’s room to set limits,” says Patrick Keelan, a Calgary psychologist. We often avoid setting limits because we prioritize the happiness and comfort of others over ours. In order to control t hi s  im pul se, Goldman suggests framing the development of boundaries as a form of self-kindness. When facing an overwhelming situation like the one he was in with his father, Goldman suggests reflecting on what is making you feel uncomfortable, unhappy or  unappreciated. “You can’t relate to others or be kind to others if you aren’t kind to yourself,” he says.

Second, once you’ve become aware of your needs, setting and maintaining boundaries requir es clear verbal communication. There are three obstacles to enforcing boundaries in a relationship: fear, guilt and self-doubt, says psychologist Nicole MaCance. We often fear that if we set limits, the other person will reject us, or we feel bad claiming our needs. Keelan proposes setting ground rules before relationships become tense. Start by cooperatively listing values --- like mutual respect, support, and loyalty --- and then building the guidelines from these values. If you’re struggling to reach a consensus, Keelan recommends engaging a third party, such as a therapist, to help.

Now, if you want a boundary to stick to, you can’t enable someone in breaking it. As such, it’s crucial to establish consequences for  transgressions ( 越轨).  Otherwise,  McMance says,  “you’re giving them permission to violate that boundary.” If they won’t respect your boundaries, you have to do some soul- searching about the value of the relationship. “When you feel bad more than you feel good in this person’s presence, and when the relationship is impacting your self-worth and happiness, it’s time to reassess,” says McCance. Saying no is hard, but she suggests framing it as saying yes to healthier relationships. “We’re all better mothers and partners and brothers when we have boundaries.”

1.What do we know about Goldman?

A. He is in need of support in his work.

B. He is caught between his work and life.

C. He slides into the state of desperation.

D. He always puts his family at the first place.

2.What do the underlined words “this impulse” refer to?

A. prioritizing others’ happiness B. avoiding setting limits

C. failing to stick to their promise D. framing the development of boundaries

3.What’s the best title of the passage?

A. Do communicate. B. Do not cross.

C. Identify your limits. D. Say no and mean it.

1.Which of the following is mentioned about Fraser Island?

A. Considerable size and cheap souvenirs.

B. Authentic food and impressive food.

C. Target visitors and modern architecture.

D. Convenient transportation and long history.

2.According to the leaflet, visitors should   .

A. dress their fashionable clothes B. provide a health certificate

C. pay extra money for cancellation D. follow the fixed trip plans

    What's all this tree- - planting for? " I was asked when I began writing about _____ a piece of land I had bought in Somerset. The truth is, I just love trees. And I am not _____ AsI get older, all I really _____ is to plant trees ,  Prince Charles says in a BBC documentary in which he is _____ in the wood he planted on the day Prince George was born.

There are _____  and wonderful trees in our cities and villages. They were planted, or self- sown, years, even centuries ago. We take them for granted, _____ the creatures living among them, remain in ignorance of the _____ trees are doing us(cleaning the air, for instance) and cut them down for new _____. Yet we keep a feeling of _____ for them. This may account for the _____ the government faced in 2010 when it sought to sell off publicly owned woods, and for the wide support that the Woodland Trust (a tree-protecting charity) _____.

Trees need _____, which is why I, a city-resident, bought my Somerset woodland in 1999. At that time, climate change was already well proved, _____ my hopes of planting long-lived oaks and pines gradually developed into anxiety about their _____. Tree diseases new to the UK, wind, drought and flood were all _____ against them.

But I did not _____ things to move so fast. The woodland is still good, the new trees are growing like mad, but the creatures are _____. The rabbits have disappeared and the owl has moved. The bees and  butterflies are _____ there but in smaller numbers. How can this happen on land _____ pesticides (杀虫剂)？Surely, it indicates we need to give nature the chance to restore its own _____. Meanwhile, I love my wood, and so do many of its visitors. And tree-planting has done wonders for restoring my balance town and country.

1.A. replacing B. restoring C. recycling D. returning

2.A. rich B. weak C. alone D. social

3.A. apply for B. wait for C. make for D. long for

4.A. filmed B. tracked C. reflected D. discovered

5.A. holy B. young C. mature D. mysterious

6.A. raise B. watch C. ignore D. abuse

7.A. honor B. good C. credit D. justice

8.A. use B. spirit C. life D. hope

9.A. trust B. sadness C. betrayal D. affection

10.A. approval B. opposition C. option D. dilemma

11.A. wins B. rejects C. requires D. withdraws

12.A. space B. time C. company D. nutrition

13.A. since B. for C. yet D. so

14.A. benefits B. chances C. location D. appearance

15.A. piling up B. speeding up C. keeping up D. mixing up

16.A. wish B. intend C. allow D. expect

17.A. in place B. in order C. in decline D. in question

18.A. even B. still C. ever D. once

19.A. short of B. sick of C. free of D. full of

20.A. glory B. function C. impact D. balance

--- I’ll take the blue one. This is twenty dollars.

--- Here’s the change.   .

A. Best wishes B. My pleasure

C. Have a nice day D. Let’s call it a day

Our team is world-class and it was no surprise that we won by such a   margin.

A. low B. high

C. wide D. narrow

--- How could they misunderstand me like that?

--- Just keep silent! It’s the best way to let them know they   you wrong.

A. do B. did

C. are doing D. had done

--- Is there any chance of my being promoted?

--- If you want a promotion, you’d better   rather than get your way.

A. play the game B. cross your fingers

C. raise the red flag D. kill the fatted calf

--- Have you heard that they are working around the clock to compete for the prize?

--- Don’t worry. We are ready to   the challenge.

A. build up B. take up

C. stick to D. lead to

With the number of homecoming overseas students  up in recent years, the attraction of foreign degree holders has gradually faded.

A. shot B. being shot

C. shooting D. to shoot

--- Excuse me, do you mind if I open the window?

--- Well, if you   . I can put on more clothes.

A. can B. may

C. must D. shall

The same boiling water softens the potato and hardens the egg. It’s about   you’re made of, not the circumstances.

A. that B. what

C. how D. who

I’d never wondered before whether or not he was kid-friendly. With one glance, I quickly   that he probably wasn’t.

A. agreed B. reported

C. explained D. decided

Wild animals in nature reserves need to develop their survival skills and   their wild nature.

A. display B. possess

C. maintain D. monitor

Cambridge gave a positive answer   inquiries on whether it recognizes gaokao scores.

A. in favor of B. in response to

C. in salute to D. in consequence of

--- Look! Mary is crazily looking for something again!

---   , she can’t find her keys.

A. Typically B. Occasionally

C. Accordingly D. Particularly

Patrick waited   all the luggage was cleared, but his never appeared.

A. until B. before

C. when D. while

The maple trees turn a brilliant red in autumn, adding another   to the colors in the harvest season.

A. theme B. version

C. category D. dimension

We live in this society now   literally someone is always helping.

A. when B. where

C. that D. what

假如你是李华，你的美国笔友Tom发来邮件抱怨父母给他定了很多家规，如晚上10点前回家，不得与父母顶嘴等。请你给他写封回信，要点包括：1. 家规的重要性；2. 你对他家的家规的看法；3. 你家的家规。注意：1. 词数100左右；2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Dear Tom,

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假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

My classmates and I decide to do something for our coming graduation. After the heated discussion, we agreed on making a video to record their school life experiences.

Material collecting took us a whole week --- we interviewed our teachers or took pictures of almost every aspect of our school life. Edit the interview videos and pictures were tough. We discussed about what to be put into the video. Some compromises and arguments were unavoidable, but the video turned out to be perfectly. Several days later, when the video played at the graduation ceremony, it was well received. The students and teachers had a great time. That surely gave us a great sense of achievements.

语法填空

When people 1.(face) with health or nutrition questions, it is 2.(increasing) common to go online and diagnose themselves. But the Internet is full of conflicting health warnings with no regulations to get rid of the wrong advice, some of 3. is extremely dangerous! Also, search engine’s rank results from popularity rather than accuracy, 4. solid facts can be tricky to find. It is worth 5.(check) if the writer of an online piece is properly qualified as an expert. Anyone can call 6.(they) a “diet expert” “nutritionist” and even a “doctor” --- given it could refer to qualifications like a PhD. But remember, only officially 7. (recognize) practicing doctors as well as dietitians have degrees in giving medical 8.(suggest). So if you are unsure and still wondering 9. the chocolate diet really does work or not, then it pays to make 10. appointment with your dietitian or doctor. The truth is out there, and you just need to look in the right place.

Observation, reason and experiment make up ______ we call the scientific method.

A. which B. how

C. that D. what

The other day we ______ some visitors from Switzerland.

A. had B. have had

C. will have D. had had

I gratefully ______ financial support from several local businesses.

A. contradict B. recommend

C. distribute D. acknowledge

Some of the material presented may not be ______ to you or your circumstances.

A. parallel B. similar

C. relevant D. optional

It was the first occasion ______ they had both found it possible to reach an agreement.

A. why B. when

C. which D. how

The tiny fire in the stove gradually ______, and it was getting dark outside.

A. died down B. put down

C. set down D. keep down