When Lauren Marler began having disturbing symptoms at the age of 15, she somehow knew it was cancer. After some research, she realized she was right. But that was just the beginning of her horrific cancer journey. Marler’s doctors discovered that what she had was truly unlucky—but she’s still here to tell her tale.

In 2005, Marler noticed blood in her stool; she was too embarrassed to tell anyone. For two years she kept silent. “I looked up my symptoms and knew I had all the signs for colon cancer,” she says. “However, my mom thought I was overreacting.” Eventually, the doctor she visited confirmed she had a colon cancer at the age of 17.

“The doctor said that I needed to get to the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre immediately,” Marler recalls. There she met with Miguel Rodriguez­Bigas, who removed Marler’s entire colon and almost all of her rectum(直肠).

But just nine months later, the cancer returned. “When my mom told me, I just felt like, ‘You’ve got to be kidding me. I just want to be a normal kid.’” After another surgery and three months of chemotherapy (化疗), Marler believed that her cancer battles had to be over.

Then, during a routine scan to ensure that she was still in remission (重病的缓解期) five years later, 23­year­old Marler got a call. “The doctor called to tell me that the scan showed a spot in my uterus (子宫) and it was endometrial cancer, an aggressive one. We went back to MD Anderson to meet with Pedro T. Ramirez, who recommended a full hysterectomy (子宫切除).”

Puzzled by Marler’s history, Dr. Rodriguez­Bigas recommended that she get genetic testing. The testing revealed the bad news: Marler had an incredibly rare disorder called CMMRD. Dr. Rodriguez­ Bigas explained that the disorder makes a person likely to suffer from different cancers. There is no treatment for the disorder, only preventive care—primarily regular scans to catch any developing cancers early. Armed with an answer for the grief and suffering she had endured for the past decade of her life, Marler actually felt a sense of relief. “It’s heartbreaking, but at least I have an answer.”

Three years later, Marler was unable to shake what she thought was sinus infection (鼻窦感染). Marler’s mother knew something wasn’t right when Marler refused to go back to the hospital because of the level of pain she felt.

On this trip to the hospital, Marler was admitted and scanned. “I couldn’t believe it was happening again. The medical test showed that it was lymphoma (淋巴瘤), one of the hardest types to treat. The doctors told me the treatment was going to be so painful that I would hate them by the time it was over. They were right.” Marler endured six different types of chemotherapy at the same time, one of which was delivered through her spinal cord. She was required to be admitted to the hospital every other week for six days. “I was so weak that I couldn’t get off my couch. I lost all of my hair, and I had severe body aches,” she recalls.

Today, at 28, Marler is once again in remission—something she definitely doesn’t take for granted. She credits her family for her ability to endure her repeated battles with a smile. She says, “I laugh a lot. That’s one thing my family does really well—we can find the humor in any situation. I’ve always found a way to laugh. I do worry about what’s next, but I can’t let it consume me. I’ve learned to live with it.”

1.What does the underlined word “aggressive” in Paragraph 5 mean?

A.Making oneself ready to attack. B.Requiring chemotherapy to cure it.

C.Being likely to spread quickly. D.Acting with determination to succeed.

2.What exactly has caused Marler to suffer from various cancers?

A.A rare gene problem. B.Irregular medical scans.

C.No proper preventive care. D.Frequently changing doctors.

3.After receiving the treatment of lymphoma, Marler        .

A.became a regular visitor to the hospital B.came to hate the doctors in charge of her

C.was heartbreaking but felt a sense of relief D.was sure that her cancer battles would be over

4.What mainly contributes to Marler’s success in fighting with cancer?

A.The fact that she never thinks much of cancer. B.The fact that her whole family remains positive.

C.The fact that she has learned to live with cancer. D.The fact that her life experience is full of humour.

    Listening to a radio broadcast in a foreign language is difficult for many of us. We may have studied the language for several years, and are able to read it, perhaps even write in it. But listening and understanding the spoken language require special skills. Some people have a natural ability that helps them to learn a language quickly, while others must study for a long time. Everyone, however, can improve his or her listening skills with practice.

We are good listeners in our own language because we have had years of practice. We understand the grammar and the language. We know what to expect a person to say to us in almost any situation. We have been in similar situations many times, and we have heard it all before. We can understand it, even if we do not listen carefully.

But this is not true with a foreign language. We must listen with our full attention. And we must try not to let the cultural style of our language affect our understanding of the foreign language. Listening to a foreign language broadcast is easier if we know something about it. There are clues that can help us. One clue is the time of a day. Morning programs usually contain many short items of news, information or entertainment. The items are short because most of us are getting ready to go to work in the morning. Often we do not have time to listen to long programs. Evening programs are different. There is time for more details about the subjects discussed.

We can get a clue about the program from the music at the beginning, but we must be familiar with the music of the foreign culture. The kind of music—serious and slow, or fast and light—can tell us what kind of program to expect. The name of the program can give us good information about what it will contain.

Another good clue is the broadcaster. The more we listen to the same person, the easier it will be to understand him. His speaking style will become familiar to us. Further, the broadcaster provides clues to the organization of the broadcast at the beginning of the program. The broadcaster usually gives us the highlights of the program to prepare us for the details that will follow.

1.We are good listeners in our own language because______.

A.we have a natural ability to learn language B.we have practiced it for years

C.we listen to our own language more carefully D.our own language is much easier

2.If you don’t have enough time, you can listen to______.

A.morning programs B.familiar programs

C.evening programs D.programs with soft music

3.You can know the information of the program according to_____.

A.its music B.the broadcaster

C.its name D.the time of the program

My Favourite Books

Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series(系列) of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.

Matilda

Roald Dahl

I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl’s writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words. Matilda’s battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress, Miss Trunchbull, are equally funny and frightening, but they’re also aspirational.

After Dark

Haruki Murakami

It’s about two sisters—Eri, a model who either won’t or can’t stop sleeping, and Mari, a young student. In trying to connect to her sister, Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse “night people” who are hiding secrets.

Gone Girl

Gillian Fynn

There was a bit of me that didn’t want to love this when everyone else on the planet did, but the horror story is brilliant. There’s tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust. It’s a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise what’s going on is horribly enjoyable.

The Stand

Stephen King

This is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around. After a serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the world’s population, a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left. Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.

1.Who does “I” refer to in the text?

A.Stephen King. B.Gillian Flynn.

C.Jo Usmar. D.Roald Dahl.

2.Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri?

A.Cosmopolitan. B.Matilda.

C.After Dark. D.The Stand.

3.What kind of book is Gone Girl?

A.A folk tale. B.A biography.

C.A love story. D.A horror story.

How to Avoid the Coronavirus? Wash Your Hands

As a New York Times journalist in China, I covered the SARS outbreak in 2002 and 2003, during which a novel coronavirus was first detected in Guangdong. My two children _______elementary school in Beijing throughout the outbreak.   

The International School of Beijing, _______ my children were students, was one of the_______in the capital that stayed _______throughout the SARS outbreak.   

The school instituted a bunch of simple precautionary (预防的) policies: a strict note to_______reminding them not to send a child to _______ who was sick and warning them that students would be screened for _______ with ear thermometers (耳温枪) at the school door. There was no _______ of food at lunch. The teacher led the kids in _______ hand washing throughout the day at classroom __________, while singing a prolonged “hand washing song” to __________ that they did more than a cursory (草率的) pass __________ the tap with water only.     

With those precautions __________, I observed something of a public __________ miracle (奇迹): Not only did no child get SARS, but __________ seemed that no student was sick with anything at all for __________on end.

The World Health Organization __________ the SARS outbreak controlled in July 2003. But, oh, those __________ continued. The best first-line defenses __________SARS or the novel coronavirus or most any virus at all are the ones that Grandma and common __________taught us, after all.

1.A.attended B.left C.explored D.experienced

2.A.which B.where C.as D.when

3.A.many B.much C.few D.little

4.A.closed B.open C.locked D.controlled

5.A.patients B.students C.teachers D.parents

6.A.hospital B.work C.school D.clinic

7.A.colds B.coughs C.fevers D.headaches

8.A.sharing B.wasting C.eating D.throwing

9.A.fluent B.frequent C.occasional D.timely

10.A.desks B.chairs C.pipes D.sinks

11.A.suggest B.assume C.ensure D.require

12.A.through B.above C.across D.under

13.A.in place B.in reality C.in order D.in need

14.A.behavior B.life C.study D.health

15.A.it B.there C.they D.this

16.A.months B.days C.years D.hours

17.A.claimed B.declared C.reported D.announced

18.A.hobbies B.interests C.characters D.habits

19.A.on B.from C.against D.for

20.A.ground B.sense C.practice D.people

假如你是李华，请你代表学生会写一封邮件给本校交换生Chris，告知你们将组织一次校外劳动锻炼并邀请他参加。

内容包括：1. 活动目的；2. 活动安排；3. 表达期待。

注意：1. 词数100左右；

2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Dear Chris,

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours sincerely,

Li Hua

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（︿）, 并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;

2. 只允许修改10处, 多者(从第11处起)不计分。

It was raining light when I got up yesterday. After a quick breakfast, I took an umbrella with me and went to school in the hurry. It was fifteen minutes after school began. I was running quickly when I see an old man walking slowly in the rain. I stopped, wondered whether to help him or not, as I might be late for school. Then I made a decision walk him home. About ten minutes late, we arrived at his house. He thanked for me again and again. I smiled and said it was nothing. I was late when I got to school. Hearing my story, the head teacher, that was giving his lecture, praised me before all the student.

    I experienced great bitterness five years ago. At that time, my father _______ from an accident. As the eldest son, I had no _______ but to drop out of school and work in a factory. I didn’t dare to ask for more, just hoping to _______ my two younger brothers. However, that’s not a(n)_______ thing, for I couldn’t afford to _______ their tuition (学费) even if I worked from day to night. Without my father’s protection, I _______ I was only a slave to the life.

Later on, something changed my life. I still remember that it was a _______ day. I walked slowly in the _______. Suddenly the rain stopped. I _______ my head and found that “the sky” was in fact an umbrella. Then I heard a deep ________. “Why not ________ without an umbrella?” a one-leg man with a walking stick said to me. “If you run, you would get less wet.” His words ________ me deeply. He told me he once had dreamed of being a policeman, but an incident ruined his ________. Later he became a promoter (促销). Though his work was demanding and did’t suit for his ________, he still thought every outing was a wonderful start to him. He stated that he felt ________ he didn’t lose his ________ and still “ran” on the road of life.

Inspired by his words, I became an insurance agent. After two years’ ________, I did well and my family turned better ________. I got the time to return to my senior school, and eventually succeeded in my entrance to ________.

Everything is so simple: to run without an umbrella! When you run out of the rainy season of your life, there will be a ________ sky ahead of you!

1.A.died B.survived C.suffered D.recovered

2.A.possibility B.chance C.choice D.success

3.A.get on with B.give up C.separate from D.bring up

4.A.difficult B.awful C.easy D.wonderful

5.A.pay B.avoid C.lend D.calculate

6.A.imagined B.observed C.explained D.realized

7.A.sunny B.rainy C.windy D.cold

8.A.shop B.room C.street D.school

9.A.nodded B.raised C.shook D.buried

10.A.sound B.voice C.noise D.song

11.A.run B.jump C.dance D.dig

12.A.pleased B.embarrassed C.frightened D.astonished

13.A.health B.job C.family D.dream

14.A.eye B.leg C.hand D.ear

15.A.delighted B.annoyed C.disappointed D.sad

16.A.achievement B.failure C.money D.courage

17.A.struggle B.rest C.relaxation D.hesitation

18.A.completely B.immediately C.gradually D.partly

19.A.participation B.university C.competition D.society

20.A.colorful B.strange C.grey D.bright

    School success means different things to different people. No matter what success means to you, strong study skills, confidence and goals are key components. 1.. Therefore, why not try the following tips to achieve it?

Organize yourself

When a student lacks organization, he struggles to complete schoolwork on time, or find time to study. 2.. When you sit down to study, you need to organize your time well by allowing enough time for each task. You also need an organized backpack that allows you to transport materials to and from classes.

3.

Spending time with friends, working a part-time job and pursuing other interests has a place. However, you also need to leave time to achieve academic goals, or else your studies will be affected negatively. For example, working too many hours at a job reduces study and sleep time, possibly meaning missed school and difficulty concentrating due to being tired.

Look for support

Whether or not you struggle in school, a support network helps you succeed. So communicate with your teacher outside of class time to ask for help when you struggle. 4.. If your friends think school is a waste of time, you may be influenced to think so.

Go beyond the classroom

Learning doesn’t stop at the classroom doors. 5.. When a topic in the classroom interests you, you should do a little research on your own. For example, set up your own experiment based on something you learned in science class.

A.Balance activities and your studies

B.It isn’t limited to the information on the next exam

C.Never miss school

D.Surround yourself with classmates who also want to succeed in school

E.For students who struggle in school, additional support is necessary for success

F.You need an organized study place at home for completing homework and studying

G.School success opens up doors for future achievements for students at all grade levels

    The reality TV wildlife edition has just come to a dramatic end. The world watched as the bears packed on pounds before they went into their den (兽穴) for the winter. Over the next few months, Fat Bear Week winner, 435 Holly, will go into hibernation (冬眠). Why do bears do this?

The mysteries around hibernating bears have attracted curious researchers for ages. What is hibernation, and what causes it? And probably most interestingly — could humans do this someday?

Dr. Kelly Drew, who studies hibernation, is one of the scientists consulting on a project funded by NASA, looking to put humans into hibernation for spaceflight. “For sending people to space, I think our first step is to perfect short-term hibernation-like periods in humans,” she says. “If we can figure this out, we can then try for longer periods.” We still have a long way to go before this science fiction dream becomes a reality, but several scientists around the country have been studying hibernation.

Cory Williams, at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, says, “A huge variety of mammals (哺乳动物) hibernate. However, hibernation in bears is different from that in small mammals…their body temperature only drops a few degrees and they don’t experience periodic rewarming.” In general, mammals with lower body temperatures during hibernation awaken every few days to raise their body temperature, or eat a bit. Bears do not emerge for any of these activities. Instead, they live off the fat they have collected during the summer and autumn months and even recycle their metabolic (新陈代谢的) waste.

At the moment, the study of hibernation has and continues to contribute greatly to applications in the human world. For example, bears are able to maintain their bone mass during hibernation, and understanding this could help advance the study of treating people with weak bones. Perhaps one day, it will be the key to sending humans far off into space too.

1.Why is 435 Holly mentioned in Paragraph 1?

A.To show the popularity of Fat Bear Week. B.To introduce the topic of hibernation.

C.To call for the protection of bears. D.To advertise reality TV.

2.How do bears hibernate?

A.They produce new body fat.

B.They lower their body temperature greatly.

C.They sleep through the whole winter.

D.They rewarm themselves regularly.

3.What’s the last paragraph mainly about?

A.The new findings about hibernation. B.The significance of studying hibernation.

C.The ways bears maintain their bone mass. D.The barriers to sending humans into space.

4.What’s the best title for the text?

A.What could bears and astronauts have in common?

B.What effects does hibernation have on bears?

C.Why do bears need to go into hibernation?

D.How do humans and bears get along?

    Bill Gates’ body might live in the present, but his brain lives in the future. He has made a career out of predicting what will happen in matters of computing, public health and the environment. He correctly predicted the rise of smartphones and social media, and his latest predictions could come true, too. Here’s what Gates predicts for the future of our world.

In his Annual Letter 2015, Gates made the prediction that Africa’s agriculture industry would increase productivity by 50% by 2030. Now the continent buys about $50 billion worth of food from other countries each year, although 70% of people in Africa are farmers. “In the next 15 years，however，creations in farming will solve the food problem in Africa,” Gates wrote. “The world has already developed crops that are more productive; with all the technologies, African farmers could possibly double their harvests.”

By 2035, there could be almost no poor countries. In his Annual Letter 2014, Gates bravely predicted that continued levels of foreign help could mean there would be almost no more poor countries by 2035. “Almost all countries will be what we now call lower-middle income or richer,” Gates explained. “Countries will learn from their most productive neighbors and benefit from things like better seeds and the digital revolution. ”

By 2030, the world will discover a clean-energy breakthrough to power our world. One of Gate’s more hopeful predictions which came in 2016 said that wind, solar, or some other renewable resources would power most of the world within 15 years. “The difficulty we face is big, perhaps bigger than many people imagine,” he wrote in his letter. “But so is the chance to make things better.” Many of the poor countries he visited had no running water or electricity. At night this meant they couldn’t light or power their homes, and keep businesses open.” If the world can find a type of cheap, clean energy, it will do more than prevent climate change,” he wrote. “It will change the lives of millions of the poorest families.”

1.What does the author think of Gates’ predictions?

A.They sound quite unreal. B.They are mainly about computers.

C.They will probably come true. D.They haven’t produced any end result.

2.How is the agriculture in Africa?

A.It is losing its workforce. B.It is in need of productivity.

C.It can satisfy the local needs. D.It is as backward as Africa’s industry.

3.What should poor countries do according to Gates?

A.Use expensive seeds. B.Expect less foreign help.

C.Rely on the digital revolution. D.Learn from the experience of other countries.

4.What’s Gates’ attitude to clean-energy development?

A.It’s no easy task. B.It’s hard to imagine.

C.It can put climate change to an end. D.It has little to do with poor families.

    The other day on a cold night, I left my wife and drove from Harrisburg to Lewisburg, a distance of about 100 miles. It was rather late. Several times I got stuck behind a slow-moving truck on a narrow road with a solid white line on my left, and I became increasingly impatient.

At one point along an open road, I came to a crossing with a traffic light. I was alone on the road by now, but as I drove near the light, it turned red and I made a stop. I looked left, right and behind me. Nothing. Not a car, no suggestion of car lamps, but there I sat, waiting for the light to change, the only human being for at least a mile in any direction.

I started wondering why I refused to run the light. I was not afraid of being caught, because there was clearly no policeman around, and there certainly would have been no danger in going through it.

Much later that night, the question of why I’d stopped for that light came back to me. I think I stopped because it’s part of a contract we all have with each other. It’s not only the law, but it’s an agreement we have, and we trust each other to honor it: we don’t go through red lights.

Trust is our first inclination. Doubting others does not seem to be natural to us. The whole construction of our society depends on mutual trust, not distrust. We do what we say we’ll do; we show up when we say we’ll show up; and we pay when we say we’ll pay. We trust each other in these matters, and we’re angry or disappointed with the person or organization that breaks the trust we have in them.

I am so proud of myself for stopping for the red light that night.

1.How does the author feel about the truck driver?

A.Pleased. B.Satisfied. C.Sorry. D.Annoyed.

2.What can we infer about the author?

A.He hates driving at night. B.He desired to cross the red light that night.

C.He approves of obeying traffic rules by himself. D.He is easy when suffering the traffic jam.

3.What is the meaning of the underlined word “inclination” in paragraph 5?

A.Tendency. B.Faith.

C.Adjustment. D.Guidance.

4.What’s the message the author tries to convey?

A.Politeness matters. B.Hold belief in human nature.

C.People should be patient and helpful. D.There’s a need to improve traffic rules.

NASA Student Competitions

NASA Human Exploration Rover Challenge

Teams of high school and college students are challenged to design and build a human-powered vehicle to travel across the simulated(模拟的) surface of another world. The course includes 14 roadblocks and 5 tasks, and teams must successfully follow NASA instructions. Each U.S. school may enter up to two teams. For international entries, no more than four teams from each country will be accepted.

International Team Registration Deadline: July 12

U.S. Team Registration Deadline: August 16

NASA Lunabotics Competition

Lunabotics challenges teams to design, build and run their autonomously operated robot, travel through simulated off-world areas and dig the simulated lunar soil. This challenge includes presentations and demonstrations, and a systems engineering paper explaining the methodology the team uses to design and build their robot.

Registration Deadline: July 18

NASA SUITS Design Challenge

NASA Spacesuit User Interface Technologies for Students (SUITS) gives students an authentic engineering design experience supporting NASA’s Artemis mission—landing American astronauts safely on the Moon by 2024! This activity challenges students to design and create spacesuit information displays within AR environments.

Proposal Deadline: July 25

2020 BIG Idea Challenge

NASA’s 2020 Breakthrough, Innovative and Game-changing (BIG) Idea Challenge is open to teams of 5 to 20 students. Teams are challenged to submit proposals for sample lunar payloads(有效载荷) that demonstrate technology systems needed for exploration and science in the permanently shadowed regions in and near the Moon’s polar regions. Selected teams will receive awards from $50,000 to $180,000 to bring their ideas to life!

Entry Deadline: August 16

1.John, a student who is good at designing vehicles, can enter______________.

A.2020 BIG Idea Challenge B.NASA Lunabotics Competition

C.NASA SUITS Design Challenge D.NASA Human Exploration Rover Challenge

2.What does NASA Lunabotics Competition require of participants?

A.They need to finish building their robot on July 18.

B.They have to complete a course of 5 tasks.

C.They need to create their own simulated environments.

D.They should write a paper showing how they build their robot.

3.Which of the following statements about the last two competitions is true?

A.They both require submitting proposals before August.

B.They both ask participants to bring their ideas to life.

C.They are both preparations for Moon exploration.

D.Both of them will present winners with big awards.

假定你是李华。由于周末与家人郊游，错过查收交换生Linda发给你的电子邮件，而失去了参加她的生日派对的机会。请你给她写一封致歉信。

内容包括：1.写信的目的；

2.解释错过邀约的原因；

3.提出弥补的办法。

注意：词数100左右；可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Dear Linda,

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（︿）, 并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;

2. 只允许修改10处, 多者(从第11处起)不计分。

Last week, I have an accident in the parking lot beside my house. I was just going around the corner when a man crashed into him with his shopping basket. It was impossible see each other after the accident because the corner was very darkness and the lights didn’t even work. So I fell, got knocked out and was serious hurt. Although the parking lot paid for the accident, but I still want to give some advices to the parking lot. Always get the lights checking at least once a week and make sure the floor is dry all the time, that would help make the parking lot a safer place.

    Thick fog was covering the grassland, where Sarah had to walk to go to school alone. “I can’t see anything in this fog.” Sarah _______.

Suddenly, a huge gray shape appeared. She stopped, staring wide-eyed at the _______. “Please be the only one, please, ...” Sarah whispered. _______ it wasn’t. Sarah felt _______ as more cows came into view.

Sarah moved to Grandpa’s home in the _______ when her parents divorced. She _______ the previous home in a big city, where she walked to school with her friend beside her. The most dangerous animal she had to _______ was Mrs. Carson’s little dog. She had been here two months and hadn’t made any new _______. Girls here played double-dutch jump rope(双绳跳). Sarah knew how to jump only one rope at a time.

Sarah saw a wall of cows that was _______ her from getting to the road. “I’ll be ________”, she said with a ________ look, and then searched for a path she could pass. “Excuse me,” she said, as if cows appreciated her ________ manners. Not one cow moved.

Tired of being ________ by cows, she pulled a long branch from a tree. She waved the long branch in front of her.“Hoo…ha,” she ________ and shaking the branch. The cows ________ chewing, and then the nearest cow looked directly at Sarah. Feeling ________, Sarah tried to stop her legs from shaking and stared at the cow. After a long moment, the cow turned away and rushed into others. A narrow ________ appeared in front of Sarah. Sarah made her way to the road.

________ Sarah reached school in time. She ________ it. Sarah thought maybe she should ________double-dutch jump rope and make more friends.

1.A.explained B.complained C.argued D.agreed

2.A.dog B.man C.girl D.cow

3.A.And B.Or C.But D.So

4.A.excited B.disappointed C.confident D.bored

5.A.city B.countryside C.town D.downtown

6.A.discovered B.repaired C.preferred D.visited

7.A.see B.keep C.train D.face

8.A.friends B.plans C.choices D.decisions

9.A.protecting B.preventing C.saving D.separating

10.A.late B.poor C.busy D.angry

11.A.surprised B.worried C.lovely D.red

12.A.good B.perfect C.formal D.traditional

13.A.refused B.doubted C.hurt D.ignored

14.A.whispered B.spoke C.talked D.shouted

15.A.started B.enjoyed C.stopped D.continued

16.A.interested B.curious C.sad D.scared

17.A.bridge B.path C.door D.entrance

18.A.Finally B.Surely C.Hopefully D.Actually

19.A.made B.changed C.believed D.understood

20.A.win B.improve C.try D.teach

Three simple keys to success

Being successful means different things to different people.1. My point is, the specifics involved in finding success can vary greatly, depending on your goal.

There are three basic components necessary for finding success, regardless of the specifics of your pursuit. And, since the desire for ownership is the driving force behind acquisition, I’ll use the word OWN as my simple three-item method for success:

1.O-Opportunity: One of the most important components in finding success is being able to identify opportunity. It is to success what wind is to sailing. 2. Identifying opportunity is the first step: awareness sets your sails for success while your motivation provides the wind.

2.W-Wisdom: By definition, wisdom is the accurate application of knowledge. 3. It requires clear understanding, great insight (洞察力) and good judgment. Once opportunity is identified, you must use all your inner resources to seize it and make the most of it. 4.Finding success when opportunity presents itself often means reaching out for help in areas where you have weakness or lack of knowledge.

3. N-Never give up: This might possibly be the most important for success. The key is to first break your goal down into workable parts so you don’t feel pressured, and then to work each part at ease with both enthusiasm and purpose. 5. Having this attitude keeps you moving in the face of trouble and becomes the driving force behind most success stories.

A.It takes a lot of time effort and determination to succeed.

B.Besides, wisdom means knowing your limitations.

C.But wisdom involves more than just knowing.

D.You simply can’t have one without the other.

E.Being successful demands doing well.

F.The road to success is being largely determined by what result you want to achieve.

G.You’ll finally succeed if you follow these steps.

    If an emperor penguin wants to survive in the worst of an Antarctic winter, there is no such thing as personal space. The large birds are known to stay very close to each other, feather to feather, in groups of thousands to keep out the cold.

For the first time, German researchers show that these gatherings are carefully organized structures, in which single penguins can cause mass movements within the group that is similar to the movements of cars in a traffic jam.

“If one penguin starts a wave, perhaps walking too close to its neighbor, it travels like a Mexican wave in a football stadium,” said physicist Daniel Zitterbart. The Mexican wave happens when all the people watching a sport stand up, move their arms up and down, and sit down again one after the other in a continuous movement looking like a wave on the sea.

Emperor penguins gather in formation when the temperatures drop below -18℃, using each other’s bodies to keep warm. They arrived at an arrangement that physicists recognize as a “triangular lattice structure”, with a penguin at each point of the triangle. “They gather just by their natural ability,” said Zitterbart who filmed and then analyzed the movements of the penguins.

The researchers explain that the movements of a single bird within the huddle (挤作一团的动物) can set off a chain reaction that travels through the rest of the group.

That movement is similar to what happens when a single car in a traffic jam moves forward, setting off a chain reaction of tiny movements by all of the cars behind it. But there’s a difference: only the first car in the jam can start off the group movement. On the ice, any penguin among the crowd can cause a wave of small movements.

“This is one case where a traffic jam is very useful,” said Zitterbart.

1.What do we know about the Mexican wave?

A.It is the major cause of penguins movements.

B.It is a dangerous incident that happens in stadium.

C.It is a complex structure organized by penguins.

D.It works like the movements of cars in a traffic jam.

2.Penguins’ formations             .

A.often cause trouble B.are well arranged

C.are taught by physicists D.usually move in a square shape

3.What will happen if a penguin moves in the huddle?

A.Other penguins will move one after another.

B.The penguins will spread out on the ice.

C.The whole group will move to another place.

D.Other penguins will just stay where they are.

4.Penguins “traffic jam” can help them         .

A.hatch their eggs B.communicate

C.keep warm D.protect their feathers

    Mexico and the USA share a common border on the northern side of Mexico. However, despite the close physical proximity(临近), there are a lot of differences between their social conduct.

Americans belong to diverse ethnic (种族) as well as national origins, despite which, all of them have mixed perfectly with the mainstream of American culture. Officially, six different races of people have been recognized by the government of the United States, which include White or European Americans, American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, Black or African-Americans, Asians, and the people of two or more races. White Americans form the majority, constituting about 75% of the total population of America.

Mexicans are a group of multi-ethnic people. Mexico shelters people of different races, religions and tribes. When the country achieved independence from the Spanish colonizers (殖民者), the population included people of native pre-Columbian ancestry as well as Europeans, who came there through the process of colonization. The fusion of these two, particularly diverse ethnicities, led to the formation of the special multi-ethnic character of the Mexican people.

Americans tend to give a lot of importance to their profession, sometimes more than their family. Children are brought up in a more independent manner. Parents expect their children to set up their independence households once they start earning. Americans feel that the practical application of knowledge is very important. So, their way of acquiring knowledge is based more on reasoning, analysis, and in-depth specialization of a subject.

However, family comes first for Mexicans. In most Mexican families, men work to earn money, while women take care of the housework. Children are brought up with a lot of parental care and attention. Mexicans love to settle down in one place, and prefer to stay with their families. They consider titles and positions as their status symbols. They believe in education based on repeated learning and so, their academic system emphasizes learning through memorization.

Despite so many differences in their cultures, some sort of integration (结合) binds the Mexicans and the Americans, in a way, promotes their co-existence.

1.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 2?

A.American Indians and Alaska Natives are the largest ethnic group in the USA.

B.There are more Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders than Asians in the USA.

C.American Indians have not been recognized by the US government.

D.European Americans make up about three fourths of the USA’s population.

2.The underlined word “fusion” in Paragraph 3 means “         ”.

A.competition B.mix

C.comparison D.balance

3.Which of the following might Americans agree with?

A.Truth comes from practice. B.Blood was thicker than water.

C.Rome was not built in a day. D.Every dog has its day.

4.In Mexicans’ eyes, they           .

A.look at money as a status symbol B.usually receive an all-round education

C.enjoy the company of family D.husband and wife share the housework

    A few years after Mom died, Dad showed up for lunch wearing the soft smile that took over his face whenever he was thinking about her. “I’ve found these,” he said, handing me a bag. “She would have wanted you to have them.”

I opened the bag to find dozens of shells, each one bearing Mom’s handwritten words: Stone Harbor, N. J. — 8-98. They were pretty common, but to Mom, they were evidence of her endlessly magical life.

She was 61 when she collected these shells, already showing signs of the lung disease that would kill her the next year. Mom needed an adventure. She loved seashore. So we decided to take her to Jersey Shore.

As soon as I said “Jersey Shore”, she started to shout over and over again— “I can’t believe I’m going to New Jersey!”

Once we got to Stone Harbor, Mom acted like the town mayor, greeting everyone as if they were loyal constituents. And she spent hours collecting shells on the beach. The morning we left, I found her photographing every corner of her bedroom. “I don’t even want to forget this,” she said.

For a long time, Mom’s shells stayed buried in a drawer. Last month, I rediscovered them. I put them where I can easily to see them. One by one, the shells are finding a new place in my home. They remind me to live a life like my mother — who never lost her sense of passion.

1.The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 1 refers to            .

A.the bag the author’s dad found B.the photos the author’s mom took

C.the shells the author’s mom collected D.the words the author’s mom wrote

2.Why did the author’s mom greet everyone in the Stone Harbor?

A.She knew them very well. B.She was very excited.

C.She wanted to make friends with them. D.She was popular among the people there.

3.What do we know about the author’s mom?

A.She had a sense of adventure. B.She passed away at the age of 61.

C.She was brought up in New Jersey. D.She showed great enthusiasm for life.

4.We can infer from the last paragraph that the shells         .

A.remind the author of her mom’s attitude towards life

B.make the author think of her mom’s death

C.were taken out of the drawer for the purpose of decorating the house

D.were hidden in a drawer because they are very precious

    Let’s look at some inventions that had their roots in the UK.

The bagless vacuum cleaner（吸尘器), James Dyson,1979

There are some things we don’t know we need until someone invents them. For example, the bagless vacuum cleaner. James Dyson came up with the idea after spending a lot of money on an expensive cleaner that simply pushed dirt around.

Most of us would have given it up, but Dyson went on to change the basic principle of a vacuum cleaner --- an idea that hadn’t been challenged for 100 years --- by designing a system that removed the necessity of the bag for good. His final version took five years of research.

However, when Dyson first approached manufacturers (制造商) with his idea, he couldn’t interest them. But he didn’t give up and set up a factory in Wiltshire in 1993 to produce them himself. Two years later, Dyson’s products were outselling the competition.

The Mini Alec Issigonis, 1959

While the Americans were driving supersize Cadillacs, Britain famously went in the opposite direction and came up with a small car.

Alec Issigonis was responsible for the design and made a name for himself in motoring history with its launch (投放市场) in 1959 for the British Motor Corporation(BMC).

The Mini’s success wasn’t overnight. Many thought it “strange”, but it developed into a love affair with the British that’s never decreased, helped by the fact that many stars loved it.

The London sewage system, Joseph Bazalgette, 1865

Like any major city, London has always produced large amounts of waste. Give thanks to Joseph Bazalgette, an engineer who developed a far-reaching underground sewage system. It changed the process of getting rid of waste by dumping it into the Thames River. Even more impressive was his idea to construct pipes that would function for nearly 150 years and still be large enough to meet the need of the increasing population. As he said, “We’re only going to do this once.”

1.Which of the following is true according to James Dyson’s experience?

A.He invented the first vacuum cleaner. B.He enjoyed immediate success.

C.His idea attracted many manufacturers. D.His product became a bestseller.

2.The Mini won its popularity _____.

A.soon after its launch in 1959

B.because it was advertised by stars

C.with the help of some famous people’s preference

D.because people lost interest in supersize cars

3.The underlined sentence in the last paragraph shows Bazalgette was _____.

A.cautious B.confident

C.far-sighted D.strong-minded

”阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为120左右。

My fiance(未婚夫）and I were excited about shopping for our first home.But our funds were limited,and none of the houses in our price range seemed satisfactory.

One agent recommended a house in particular..Although her description sounded wonderful,the price was beyond our range,so we declined.But she kept urging us to have a look at least.

We finally did and it was love at first sight:It was Our Home,small and charming, overlooking a quiet lake.Walking through the rooms and talking with the owners,a nice elderly couple,we felt the warmth and happiness of the marriage within that home.As perfect as it was,the price remained too high for us.But every day,we would sit by the lake,  looking at the house and dreaming of what it would be like to live there.

Days later,we made a(n)offer-far below the asking price.Surprisingly,they didn't laugh at us.They renewed their offer instead.It was also much more than we could afford,but far less than the original asking price.

The next day,we got a disappointing message that another buyer had offered a much higher price.Even so,we decided to talk with the owners directly.We made our final offer, which still was thousands of dollars 'less than' the other buyer's bid.We knew it,but we had to try.Nobody knew if we could get it.

Paragraph 1:We went to the owners' home after we made our final offer.The other buyer came to visit the owners too.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Paragraph 2:The owner looked at us and said,"I want to sell my house to you!"

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

单词拼写

1.Shared bikes are often left ___________（遗弃）either on the sides of the road or at bus stops.

2.I would _________（感激）it if you could offer me the chance of working as a volunteer here.

3.Always remember the __________（指示）on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.

4.To her _________（难堪），she couldn't think of his name and stood there, saying nothing.

5.My father is so lively and ___________（活力）that he takes an hour's exercise every day.

6.I am just as ___________（热情的）about my job as the day I first started.

7.In order to protect our environment, we can't freely cut down trees without the government's ________（允许）.

8.There is lots of information __________（可获得）on the Internet, so the Internet is more and more important to us.

9.The ___________（故障）of the computer system is caused by the new virus.

10.What do you imagine will be your future ___________（职业）?

11.The hospital has recently obtained new medical__________（设备），allowing more patients to be treated.

12.More and more people have come to realize the importance of keeping a__________（均衡）diet.

13.In__________（结论），I like being praised, but I know sometimes it's not always good.

14.It is important to pay your__________（电）bill on time, as late payments may affect your credit.

15.No decision will be made until all the candidates have been____________(面试）.

    Alia Baker is a librarian in Iraq. Her library used to be a_______place for all who loved books and liked to share knowledge. They discussed various matters all over the world. When the war was near, Alia was_______ that the fires of war would destroy the books,  which are more _______to her than mountains of gold. The books are in every language- new books, ancient books, even a book on the history of Iraq that is seven hundred years old.

She had asked the government for _______to move the books to a_______ place, but they refused. So Alia took matters into her own hands. _______, she brought books home every night, filling her car late after work. Her friends came to help her when the war broke out. Anis who owned a restaurant _______to hide some books. All through the night, Alia, Anis, his brothers and neighbours took the books from the library, _______ them over the seven foot wall and _______them in the restaurant. The books stayed hidden as the war ________. Then nine days later, a fire burned the ________ to the ground.

One day, the bombing stopped and the________ left. But the war was not over yet. Alia knew that if the books were to be safe, they must be ________ again while the city was ________. So she hired a truck to, bring all the books to the houses of friends in the suburbs (郊区). Now Alia waited for the war to end and ________peace and a new library.

1.A.meeting B.working C.personal D.religious

2.A.worried B.angry C.doubtful D.curious

3.A.practical B.precious C.reliable D.expensive

4.A.permission B.confirmation C.explanation D.information

5.A.large B.public C.distant D.safe

6.A.Fortunately B.Surprisingly C.Seriously D.Secretly

7.A.intended B.pretended C.happened D.agreed

8.A.put B.opened C.passed D.threw

9.A.hid B.exchanged C.burnt D.distributed

10.A.approached B.erupted C.continued D.ended

11.A.restaurant B.library C.city D.wall

12.A.neighbors B.soldiers C.friends D.customers

13.A.sold B.read C.saved D.moved

14.A.occupied B.bombed C.quiet D.busy

15.A.dreamed of B.believed in C.cared about D.looked for

How to Avoid the Worst Cold-Weather Packing Mistakes

Yes, you can definitely blame winter clothes for your overstuffed(塞得过满的)suitcase. After all, warm clothing takes up a lot more room than summer T-shirts and shorts. To make matters worse, you’ve got to pack for overheated restaurants and freezing outdoor conditions. 1. . Here are some winter-packing mistakes we learned the hard way, and tips you need.

2.

Your shoes face a big challenge in the winter. They need to be: insulated, waterproof, and warm; provide great traction in case of ice; be able to withstand salt; and be comfortable to walk in. So, your sneakers aren't going to cut it. Just remember to wear your heavier snow boots on the plane; otherwise, they'll take up half your suitcase space.

Packing the wrong materials

3., It absorbs moisture and sweat, which will make you cold and keep you freezing. You can replace cotton with wool, as wool is naturally odor-resistant and breathable.

Leaving behind sunglasses

Since you're not headed to the beach, you might forget to pack your sunglasses. The sun can shine brightly on freezing days too tough, so be able to pack yours. 4..

Not bringing medicine

Cold and flu cases rise during the winter, and while you definitely don't plan on getting sick while traveling, you should be prepared in case it does happen. Make sure you've packed medication for upset stomach, fever relief, body aches, and congestion, 5.. Just get travel-sized versions of you go-to drugs.

A.But we're here to help

B.Choosing the right shoes

C.Wearing the wrong shoes

D.Cotton is a terrible choice for the winter

E.Better be a pair which is easy to pack and hard to break

F.You don't have to travel with the whole medicine chest though

G.Also throw some sunscreen in there as you can get sunburned in winter

    A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.

Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.

The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.

Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.

Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.

While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.

Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.

Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.

1.According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk_______.

A.started sleep more easily

B.were more anxious

C.were less active

D.woke up later

2.Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?

A.It’s been tested on mice for ten times.

B.It can make people more energetic.

C.It exists in milk in great amount.

D.It’s used in sleeping drugs.

3.What can be a suitable title for the text?

A.Night Milk and Sleep

B.Fat, Sugar and Health

C.An Experiment on Mice

D.Milk Drinking and Health

4.How does the author support the theme of the text?

A.By giving examples.

B.By stating arguments.

C.By explaining statistical data.

D.By providing research results.

    Age discrimination(歧视）is a large problem in the United States today. Teenagers are considered dishonest, old people are considered incapable(无能的）,kids considered noisy.

Picture this: a teenage boy, with a group of friends, walks laughing into a store.They read some magazines, walk by the candy, and then walk out without buying anything. What’s the first thought of this? It might be that they stole something. Maybe the employees would even go as far as to call the police about these boys, who didn’t steal anything but were discriminated against simply because they were “teenage boys”.

This happens every day, all over America. We don’t tell the kids much, because they won’t understand, they’re too young. We feel surprised when we see old people run marathons, or even take part in simple fun activities such as volleyball or swimming, because they are “old”, and “incapable".

People who are discriminated against, no matter what the reason, can be hurt by it.They can be offended, because it isn't something they can help.Like my example of the teenage boy above, he was simply having fun as he walked into the store.He wasn’t planning to steal anything or to cause any trouble; he could even be one of the best students in school, but he was discriminated against for being a teenager.

Of course,this doesn’t mean you should persuade your grandparents right away to run a marathon,but give them a little trust.They are capable of doing things we are,and sometimes more.So next time you tell your little brother that he’s “too young to understand” or think that your grandmother is “too old” to do sports, listen to yourself. I know you are offended by being considered as a teenager, so how do you think they feel? Remember, it all hurts. Everyone should have equal opportunities, no matter how old he is.

1.The underlined word “It” in Paragraph 2 refers to       .

A.The fact B.The result

C.The thought D.The problem

2.The author mentions the teenage boy in Paragraph 2 to show that       .

A.people should give more opportunities to teenagers

B.age discrimination is serious in today’s world

C.teenagers should behave in a proper way

D.it's really hard to depend on teenagers

3.The author holds the view that       .

A.we shouldn’t judge others by their age

B.we should try to help incapable people

C.we should encourage old people to run marathons

D.we shouldn’t enter a store if we don’t want to buy anything

4.The text mainly discusses       .

A.an unfortunate teenager

B.different age groups

C.equal opportunities

D.a social problem

    Although it's great to spend vacations seeing the world with family, friends, or a lover, traveling alone can also be completely incredible. A solo adventure has the potential to be life-changing. Here are some reasons you should travel alone at least once.

If you enjoy meeting new friends, here's your chance; you will likely find some when traveling alone, Since you won't be focused on talking to anyone you know, you'll be more likely to strike up conversations with strangers. Meeting people from different backgrounds opens our minds, expands our world, and can inspire us a lot. You may meet some amazing locals or other adventurers like yourself; either way you're bound to make some new friends during your journey.

A trip alone can ignite your creativity. Spending time alone with an open mind can be exactly what you need for your imagination to soar. Your enthusiasm and passion for life may sky-rocket from your awesome adventure.

When traveling with a partner or a group, every idea can be bounced off someone else. When you travel alone, you will learn to be decisive; you will be making every decision alone. From where to eat, to what time to wake up, to what sights to see, and which airline to use, traveling solo forces you to rely on yours truly. As you realize you can make good choices without help from others, you will likely trust your instincts more, and this new found self-assurance and confidence will be helpful in many areas of your life.

1.Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?

A.You will meet new people.

B.You light your life fire.

C.You will learn to enjoy being alone.

D.You will learn to be decisive.

2.From the passage, we know that _______.

A.Traveling alone you can do anything you want to.

B.Traveling alone, we would learn more thing.

C.You'll learn to thrive outside your comfort zone.

D.The strangers who we meet are all kind.

3.Which of the following is similar to the underlined phrase in paragraph four?

A.hesitate B.independent

C.fearless D.determined

4.Which of the following would be the best title of the passage?

A.How to travel alone.

B.You should travel alone at least once in your life.

C.Trave ling will make you have more friends.

D.Let us enjoying vacations trip.

    Once there were two mice. They were friends. One mouse lived in the country; the other mouse lived in the city. After many years the Country mouse saw the City mouse; he said, "Do come and see me at my house in the country.” So the City mouse went. The City mouse said, "This food is not good, and your house is not good. Why do you live in a hole in the field? You should come and live in the city. You would live in a nice house made of stone. You would have nice food to eat You must come and see me at my house in the city." The Country mouse went to the house of the City mouse. It was a very good house. Nice food was set ready for them to eat. But just as they began to eat they heard a great noise. The City mouse cried," Run! Run! The cat is coming!" They ran away quickly and hid. After some time they came out. When they came out, the Country mouse said. “I do not like living in the city. I like living in my hole in the field. For it is nicer to be poor and happy, than to be rich and afraid."

1.From the passage, we know that__________.

A.The City mouse and the Country mouse finally lived together.

B.The Country mouse would live in his Country field.

C.The cat had eaten the Country mouse.

D.The City cat have a rich and safe living.

2.Why does the Country mouse want to go back to his field?

A.Because he dislike living with the City mouse.

B.Because he dislike the food in the city.

C.Because he prefer a poor but happy life.

D.Because he want to avoid the cat.

3.Which of the following would be the best title of the passage?

A.Two mouses and a cat.

B.The difference of city and country.

C.Two mouses,two choices.

D.Mouses and cats can not live together.

请阅读下面文字，并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。

Cities across China have been rolling out policies to encourage the return of street vendors (摊贩), where stall operators and mobile vendors sell food and small commodities on streets and other public spaces.

At a press conference during China s recently concluded “two sessions,” Chinese Premier Li Keqiang praised the city of Chengdu in west China for creating 100,000 jobs by setting up 36,000 mobile stalls, signaling an encouragement of reviving street vendoring.

Meanwhile, China’s tech giants are offering help. Alibaba’swholesalemarketplace1688.com issued a plan in late May to connect street sellers directly with factories, while offering stall operators with a total of 70 billion yuan of interest-free loans.

E-commerce major JD.com has promised to secure quality merchandise worth over 50 billion yuan and is offering each stall keeper up to 100,000 yuan worth of interest-free loans.

（写作内容）

1. 用约30个单词概述上述信息的主要内容。

2. 用约120个单词发表你的观点，内容包括：

（1）你觉得摆地摊有哪些好处？

（2）你有什么有助于其健康发展的建议？（不少于两点）

（写作要求）

1. 写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；

2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；

3. 不必写标题。

（评分标准）

内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。

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请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题纸上相应题号的横线上。

On Knowing the Difference

It is as though we can know nothing of a thing until we know its name. Can we be said to know what a pigeon is unless we know that it is a pigeon? We may have seen it again and again, and noted it as a bird with a full bosom and swift wings. But if we are not able to name it except vaguely as a “bird”, we seem to be separated from it by a vast distance of ignorance. Learn that it is a pigeon however, and immediately it rushes towards us across the distance, like something seen through a telescope. No doubt to the pigeon fancier (爱好者) this would seem but the most basic knowledge, and he would not think much of our acquaintance with pigeons if we could not tell a carrier from a pouter. That is the charm (魅力) of knowledge—it is merely a door into another sort of ignorance.

There are always new differences to be discovered, new names to be learned, new individualities to be known, new classifications to be made. No man with a grain of either poetry or the scientific spirit in him has any right to be bored with the world, though he lived for a thousand years.

There is scarcely a subject that does not contain sufficient differences to keep an explorer happy for a lifetime. It is said that thirteen thousand species of butterflies have already been discovered, and it is suggested that there may be nearly twice as many that have so far escaped the naturalists Many men give all the pleasant hours of their lives to learning how to know the difference between one kind of moth (蛾) and another. One used to see these moth-hunters on windless nights chasing their quarry fantastically with nets in the light of lamps. In chasing moths, they chase knowledge. This, they feel, is life at its most exciting, its most intense.

The townsman passing a field of sheep finds it difficult to believe that the shepherd can distinguish between one and another of them with as much certainty as if they were his children. And do not most of us think of foreigners as beings who are all turned out as if on a pattern, like sheep?

Thus our first generalizations spring from ignorance rather than from knowledge. They are true, as long as we know that they are not entirely true. As soon as we begin to accept them as absolute truths, they become lies. I do not wish to deny the importance of generalizations. It is not possible to think or even to act without them. The generalization that is founded on a knowledge of and a delight in the variety of things is the end of all science and poetry.